Category: hardware

Using Orange Pi R1+, Netfilter, AdGuard and CrowdSec to preserve your security & privacy. The third part  is on how to set up a canary device that ‘tweets’ when unexpected events occur.

Welcome to the third and final part of our trilogy where the goal is to inspire and show you how to create a very efficient firewall to secure home network or your small business, which offers a serious level of security, at low cost.

The first part focuses on selecting hardware and installing the base OS.

‍The second part is dedicated to setting up firewall functionality, client VPN to protect your identity online, AdGuard for the entire network, DuckDNS if you don’t have a static IP as well as port knocking to close down your internet exposed services to anyone but you.

This third and final part is about how to secure your network even further with CrowdSec – how to set up a canary device that notifies you when unexpected events such as scanning occur; something you would typically never do yourself.

Part 3: Setting up a canary device with CrowdSec

The end goal of this third part is to show how CrowdSec can do cool stuff acting as a canary, but we need a few preliminary steps. We want to set up an alarming system so we know when a new system has been connected to our local network. That is a two-part thing consisting of installing ARP Watch and notifications via Pushover. After that we’ll talk about what CrowdSec can do in the sense of alarming you when odd things are happening on your network. First things first:

ARP Watch

To proceed further in securing ourselves, it would be cool to know whenever a new machine is connecting to the LAN. And since we can now get instant notifications with the above script, let’s send an alert every time a new device is detected in the LAN.

$ sudo apt-get install arpwatch

In the /etc/default/arpwatch file add lan0 (or whatever is the name of your LAN interface):

INTERFACES="lan0"

And create a file in /etc/arpwatch/lan0.iface (if lan0 is your LAN interface) to add some email addresses. Here, to reuse our pushover system, we can input the email address that is provided for your app in pushover. If you send an email to this address, it’ll be forwarded as a push notification to your phone.

$ cat | sudo tee /etc/arpwatch/lan0.iface

Paste:

IFACE_ARGS="-m xmmmm1fjoejf@pomail.net"

Where xmmmm1fjoejf@pomail.net should be replaced by the email address listed under your login. As usual, end with CTRL + D to return to your shell.

Setting up a notification system 

Pushover is an iOS and Android app that allows you to send plenty of notifications to your phone for free (around 7500 per app per month). You can obviously use it wherever you feel, for whatever reason. In the above crontab script you can, for example, notify yourself when the machine boots. But we may also want to know when a new mac address is registering in our network or if a port scan was fired from within the LAN area (which is quite bad news, see below section “Protecting yourself even from (w)LAN devices”) 

So, once you have set up your Pushover App and account online, you should have a user token and an app token:

Next, create an APP and locate your App token. 

Create a script to send yourself notifications:

$ cat > /usr/local/scripts/pushover.sh

cut/paste the script below, finish it with CTRL+D and issue the classical chmod:

$ chmod 755 /usr/local/scripts/pushover.sh

#!/bin/bash 

curl -s -F "token=YOUR_APP_TOKEN" -F "user=YOUR_USER_TOKEN" -F “title=$1” -F "message=$2" https://api.pushover.net/1/messages

Now to send yourself a message, you just need to type in:

$ ./pushover.sh "Most kittens" "Are too cute"

And you should get this on your phone screen:

Protecting yourself even from (w)LAN devices

One thing you cannot really trust, but nevertheless like to have, are connected speakers like Sonos, your voice assistants like Alexa or even your IP cameras or just your smartphone. All those IoT devices make our life easier but also come with a substantial amount of potential security issues.

I’ve tried several approaches here, but none is at the same time realistic in terms of daily usage and secure enough. Segregating all those machines in a sub-lan (or rather a sub-wlan for most of them) using a different vlanid and trying to limit the exposure to your secure devices is a complicated task and usually cripples the usability we all appreciate as well.

One simple example would be your Sonos speakers. You want them to connect to online streaming systems like Deezer or Spotify and be able to control them with your phone through airplay. At the same time, if (when) a hacker is able to upload a rigged firmware by breaching into Sonos systems, they can infect your local speakers and establish a local presence in your LAN, scan, harvest, invade, etc. The same is true of most voice assistants, IP cameras, smartwatch, smartphone, TV, and generally speaking of *any* IoT devices.

Now if you isolate them in a sub (w)LAN, you’ll not really be able to control them comfortably since anytime a friend comes over you’d have to add a rule to your firewall as well as probably other cumbersome modifications. 

So to be more realistic, I decided to proceed in a different way. Let’s not suspect those things right away but rather detect if (when) they start to behave suspicious. Apart from cameras that should not be able to access the Internet and send private video streams across the globe to god knows how, we can just monitor our IoT devices. Most of those devices could be let loose and if ever they are compromised a hacker will very likely use them to scan and compromise your network. 

There are other more complicated ways, like having different, firewalled vlans, tag packets, and using multicast forwarding, but beyond complication, you’re not always sure not to lose functionalities of some of your IoT devices. Also this method is more generic (although less protective).

Using CrowdSec to setup a Canary device

The concept is fairly old and simple. Coal miners during the 19th century used to bring a canary with them down the mine and if a gas leak would occur (which was odorless) it’d kill the canary and miners would evacuate, hopefully before a potential blast.

Nowadays, and in an IT context, a canary is a device that is stealthy sitting in your network that should bever be queried. It’s doing nothing, hosts no service and there is no reason in the world it should ever be poked. If it is accessed, that means something/someone in your network is scanning it and 99.999% of the time, this is bad news. 

If a hacker ever hijacks any of your IoT devices, no matter the method, it’s very likely that they’ll scan your LAN. In this case your canary should be triggered and alerting you. We have all the needed tools to do it already, either locally on the firewall we are building, or on a separate similar pi device with just one LAN interface. No matter how you choose to do it, CrowdSec will be a very useful tool to set up the canary and our pushover script can alert us. After all, our scenario is known : multiport scan and it already exists on the hub. The bouncer (the component that deals with the detect menace) also exists: we’ll simply use the one that triggers a script, here our script to send us a notification using pushover.

Remember we added those lines in our firewalling script:

define antilanscan        = { 22, 8080 } 

And in the Input section:

iif $lan tcp dport != $fwopenports log prefix "LAN SCAN:"  drop

Well, basically they say that if ports on the LAN interface are contacted on any other ports than 22:TCP and 8080:TCP (8080 is just an example), then someone is scanning you and you should drop the packets. But the trick here is that since we drop the packet, CrowdSec iptables multiscan scenario,  crowdsecurity/iptables-scan-multi_ports , will catch the signal.will catch the signal.

CrowdSec

CrowdSec will spot hacking attempts by looking at the logs generated on the OPI. If you intend to run more services than just those in this tutorial, remember to reconfigure it (either by running the installation wizard again or by adding it manually to /etc/crowdsec/acquis.yaml). If you choose the latter method make sure to install a suitable scenario either using cscli or by visiting https://hub.crowdsec.net. 

In one sentence, CrowdSec is crowd powered cyber security software. It’s an open source & free IPS system. It detects attacks in your logs, bans the IP and then shares the aggressive IP with the community so that everyone else is also protected against this aggressor. As well, your instance of CrowdSec benefits from the global sightings of the network.

While CrowdSec is available in Debian (but not Ubuntu) it’s highly recommended to add our own repo since the available package has been deprecated since last OS release. To do that follow the (easy) instructions at our documentation site. Once added, simply install the CrowdSec package and the nftables bouncer:

$ sudo apt-get install crowdsec 
$ sudo apt-get install crowdsec-firewall-bouncer-nftables

Installing both packages with one command can be a bit of a hassle since we can’t control the order of which packages are installed. So to make sure that the agent is installed first, we do it like this. This ensures that the bouncer is added automatically to the CrowdSec agent.

The installer will pretty much do all the job for you. After installing add the netfilter log collection by issuing this:

$ sudo cscli collections install crowdsecurity/iptables
$ sudo systemctl reload crowdsec

(note: In spite of the name, the collection is also valid for nftables)

Ok we’re all set on that front. CrowdSec will create two nftables IP sets named crowdsec and crowdsec6, containing ipv4 blocklist for the first one and ipv6 for the latter. Basically those sets are automatically banned by the firewall bouncer daemon residing in memory. If someone agresses your machine and tries to port scan it, scan your web server or bruteforce your ssh / ftp or other accesses, not only will it get banned, but its IP will also be reported to the central CTI. In return, we do benefit for free from the knowledge of the Crowd as well and our IP sets are automatically filled with new dangerous IPs sent by the central API of CrowdSec. We defend, we partake and in return we are even better defended by all the other members. Neat.

You can obviously block those IP sets yourself wherever you feel. 

The configuration resides in /etc/crowdsec/bouncers/crowdsec-firewall-bouncer.yaml and is very straightforward:

mode: nftables
pid_dir: /var/run/
update_frequency: 10s
daemonize: true
log_mode: file
log_dir: /var/log/
log_level: info
api_url: http://localhost:8080/
api_key: 
disable_ipv6: false
deny_action: DROP
deny_log: true
deny_log_prefix: "crowdsec:"
iptables_chains:
  - input
  - output
  - forward

Note: you won’t need to edit the file; this is the default configuration.

So not only will your (potential) services be protected, but your firewall output will also generate bans for people trying to hack you, share their IP to protect everyone else and CrowdSec will send you dangerous IPs constantly to be blocked directly in your firewall.  One stone, three birds. Bingo!

Next, we need to set up the custom bouncer that comes with CrowdSec. Luckily it’s also available as binary package on arm-based devices running debian-based distros:

$ sudo apt install crowdsec-custom-bouncer

In its essence the custom bouncer simply executes a custom script whenever a scenario triggers.

Obviously, we’re using it to execute the pushover_crowdsec.sh script whenever a scenario triggers.

After installation, we need to edit the config file located in/etc/crowdsec/bouncers/crowdsec-custom-bouncer.yaml:

bin_path: /usr/local/scripts/pushover_crowdsec.sh
piddir: /var/run/
update_frequency: 10s
cache_retention_duration: 10s
daemonize: true
log_mode: file
log_dir: /var/log/
log_level: info
api_url: http://localhost:8080/
api_key: 

You would only need to edit the bin_path item in the configuration file above as everything else, even registering the bouncer with the agent has been taken care of by the install script run automatically upon installation. 

Copy/paste the content of the script after this command to ensure  that the script is added to the file system correctly:

$ cat | sudo tee /usr/local/scripts/pushover_crowdsec.sh

#!/bin/bash

[[ `echo $2 | cut -f 1,2 -d"."` == "192.168" ]] && curl -s -F "token=" -F "user=" -F "title='LAN Scan'" -F "message=Scanned by $2" https://api.pushover.net/1/messages

Remember to chmod 755to make the script executable.

Now, anytime a scan would be initiated from the LAN, we are notified directly on our Phone. Our Canary is alive and kicking!

Conclusion

For a marginal budget, you can protect your family, your work and your privacy. All it takes is 50€ and a couple of hours. You’ll learn a lot, be autonomous and better protected. Doesn’t it sound like a fair investment of your time in 2022?

Source :
https://www.crowdsec.net/blog/crowdwall-part-3

How to set up an effective firewall and preserve your security & privacy with Orange Pi R1+, Netfilter, AdGuard and CrowdSec.

Welcome to the second part of our trilogy where the goal is to inspire you to create a very efficient firewall to protect your remote work environment, family, or your small business, which offers a serious level of security, at a low cost.

Have you not yet read the first part that focuses on selecting hardware and installing the base OS it’s not too late. Find it here.

This second part is focused on how to set up firewall functionality, setup client VPN to protect your identity online, setting up AdGuard for the entire network, DuckDNS if you don’t have a static IP as well as port knocking which is a cool way to close down your internet exposed services to anyone but you (or anyone else who knows the secret combination to enter). The third and final part will be about how to secure your network even more with CrowdSec – how to set up a canary device that ‘tweets’ when unexpected events like for instance port scanning occurs; something you would typically never do yourself.

It’s also being part of a larger project, CrowdSec, which is blocking Internet attacks and sharing IPs that launched them. You protect yourself and others at the same time. In essence, this comprehensive guide will show you how to:

• Create security robust enough to resist even if passwords are compromised
• Create a reliable hardware environment for your firewall
• Install the OS on it and create a rock-solid Firewall to protect your activities
• Add CrowdSec to protect your WLAN services you’d like to expose over the Internet and detect if any local IoT device is going rogue (e.g. cams, assistants, connected speakers, etc.)
• Allow external access to DMZ-like services to control your home on distance and access your firewall
• Add a VPN to protect your anonymity online
• Add an anti-advertisement & anti-tracking system

Part 2: The Software stack

The firewall

It’s already in there, provided by the netfilter subsystem, which is integrated into the kernel. The nft (nftables) command is here to help us interact with the netfilter layer. The following script is commented so that you can easily modify it according to your needs and projects or even port it to iptables (nftable  predecessor). All scripts can be found here.

Out of the box, it handles:

• Multiple internet connection with a dynamic routing table capable of sending packets to one or the other connection based on your rules (destination port, src or destination IP, protocols, etc.)
• Protection against usual network shenanigans
• Inbound, forward and outbound traffic filtering
• CrowdSec integration to defend your exposed services and have a Canary to detect if your LAN is being scanned
• Port knocking integration so that you can simply use a port knocking app to unlock access to your network from wherever you are.

Just cut/paste it from this doc:

$ cat | sudo tee /etc/nftables.conf

Here is the script to adapt and copy/paste:

#!/usr/sbin/nft -f

#Part 1: Setting statics
define wan                     = eth0
define lan                       = lan0
define vpn                      = tun0
define localhost            = lo
define vpn_net              = 10.8.0.0/24
define vpnserver           = tun1
define vpn_server_net  = 10.0.0.0/24
define machine1           = 192.168.0.2
define machine2           = 192.168.0.3
define antilanscan        = { 22, 8080 } #Part 8: Anti lan scan
define cameras             = { 192.168.0.4, 192.168.0.5 }
define icmp_v6          = { destination-unreachable, echo-reply, echo-request, nd-neighbor-solicit, nd-router-advert, nd-neighbor-advert, packet-too-big, parameter-problem, time-exceeded }

#Part 2: Reset nft tables
flush ruleset

#Part 3: NAT
table ip nat {
  chain prerouting {
    type nat hook prerouting priority -100; policy accept;
      iif $wan tcp dport 2222 dnat to $machine1:22 # incoming connexion on port 2222 will be forwarded to 192.168.0.2  on 22
      iif $wan tcp dport 5001 dnat to $machine2      # sames port 5001 and 192.168.0.3 but this time port is 5001 to 5001, no change
  }
  chain postrouting {
    type nat hook postrouting priority 100; policy accept;
      oif $wan snat to 192.168.1.1
      oif $wan2 snat to 192.168.2.1
      oifname $vpn masquerade # snat to $vpnip
      oifname $vpnserver snat to 10.0.0.1
  }
}

#Part 4: Creating IP sets
table inet filter {

  set whitelist_candidates {
    type ipv4_addr . inet_service
    flags timeout
  }

  set whitelist {
     type ipv4_addr
     flags interval, timeout
  }

  set whitelist_portknockd {
     type ipv4_addr
     flags timeout
  }

  chain input {
    type filter hook input priority 0; policy drop;
      icmpv6 type $icmp_v6 accept
    #Part 5: Portknocking (next 4 lines)
      tcp dport 314 add @whitelist_candidates {ip  saddr . 18 timeout 2s}
      tcp dport 18 ip saddr . tcp dport @whitelist_candidates add @whitelist_candidates {ip  saddr . 939 timeout 2s}
      tcp dport 939 ip saddr . tcp dport @whitelist_candidates add @whitelist_candidates {ip  saddr . 101 timeout 2s}
      tcp dport 101 ip saddr . tcp dport @whitelist_candidates add @whitelist {ip saddr timeout 180s} log prefix "Portknocked: "
      ct state related,established            accept
      iif $lan tcp dport != $fwopenports log prefix "LAN SCAN:"  drop #Part 8: Anti lan scan
      ip saddr @whitelist                            accept
      ip saddr @whitelist_portknockd      accept
      iifname $lan                                       accept
      iifname $localhost                            accept
      iifname $vpnserver                           accept
      iifname $wan ip saddr != @whitelist                             drop
      iifname $wan ip saddr != @whitelist_portknockd       drop
      iifname $wan ct state invalid                                        log prefix "Invalid packet:" drop
      iif != lo ip saddr 127.0.0.0/8                                            log prefix "Fake localhost:" drop
  }

  chain forward {
    type filter hook forward priority 0; policy drop;
    #Part 6: Prerouting (next two lines)
      iifname $vpn meta l4proto udp ip daddr $machine1 udp dport 22 accept
      iifname $vpn meta l4proto tcp ip daddr $machine2 tcp dport 5001 accept
    #Part 4: Creating IP sets (next two lines)
      ip saddr @whitelist                       accept
      ip saddr @whitelist_portknockd accept
      iif $lan                                            accept
      iifname $vpnserver                      accept
      ct state established,related       accept
      ip saddr $cameras log prefix "Camera trying to exit:" drop
      ct state invalid log prefix "Invalid packet:" drop
  }

  chain output {
    type filter hook output priority 0; policy accept;
  }
}
#Part 7: Mangling
table ip mangle {
  chain prerouting {
    type filter hook prerouting priority -150; policy accept;
      mark != 0x0                                               meta mark set ct mark
      ip saddr $machine1 tcp sport 10001    meta mark set 0x2
      ip saddr $machine1 udp sport 10001   meta mark set 0x2
      ip saddr $machine1                                meta mark set 0x1
      ip saddr $machine2                                meta mark set 0x4
  }

  chain postrouting {
    type filter hook postrouting priority -150; policy accept;
      ct mark set mark
  }
}

After inserting it, save the file by pressing CTRL+D.

This version is a simplified version of the firewall script available from the repo above, but the most important part is here already. This nftables.conf file would not be enough by itself to handle several possible routes. Be sure to also use the ip rules script to create your routing tables, see below, section IP route.

NFtables (netfilter) Firewall details

• Part 1 are basic variable definitions.
• Part 2 resets all nft tables. (Used to take 10 lines with Iptables)
• In part 3 (NAT) we are defining what happens to packets that are incoming and destined to another machine behind the firewall. They are dealt with very early in the filtering process, in a prerouting chain. The postrouting chain is about telling what IP should be used for translating IPs coming from various subnets.
• The second table, filter, is part 4 that create IP sets. They are tables that contain IP addresses, sometimes with expiry dates. Three sets are created, one for potential candidates to whitelisting, the second for confirmed whitelisted IPs and the third will be used in conjunction with port knocking. The reason for creating two different whitelists of IPs is that the port knocking integrated in this NFT configuration (part 5) will only store the IP that knocked. Logical? No, not really. But CGNAT, used by telecom operators to run 4G networks, ruins it all and usually, it’s not a 1:1 IP translation but a range of IP that is used. So when your phone is port knocking 3 ports quickly, it’s usually with one IP but then when you connect on your SSH port, another IP is used. Luckily, they often sit in the same /24 range. The problem doesn’t exist with IPv6 obviously. So knockd will fill the second set with a range and the first one is still useful when you connect from elsewhere like a hotel. (I didn’t find any way to add a range to the set directly from an nft configuration file)
• Part 6 is related to prerouting. It’s not enough to redirect the connection since the packet is passing two interfaces, we also need to accept this in the forward rules.
• Part 7 is mangling. This is where we instruct the firewall to mark packets according to our own rules. 0x03 is the VPN server you host yourself and where you receive inbound traffic, 0x02 is the VPN client which you use to establish an outbound tunnel through a VPN provider. It’s through here you send the traffic of machine 1. In this example, we want machine1 to be using connection 2 when it’s starting a connection on port UDP or TCP 10001, otherwise it will be using connection 1. Machine 2 will always use your alt connection (here marked as 0x4) and machine 1, except for ports 10001 will use connection 1. This can be adapted with ports, source addresses, destination addresses, protocols, etc. (Note that the table has the highest priority and will be “executed” first, before all other rules). Use cases are easy here: you can send your professional workstation packets through a dedicated connection for example. Or send all your peer-to-peer traffic through a VPN or your TV IP through a VPN to avoid Geo limitations, etc. See the IP route section to understand fully how nft mangle + IP route cooperate here.
• Part 8, Anti lan scan will be covered later on in this guide, but the global concept is to watch for unusual port scans, coming from our LAN-facing ethernet adapter, that would denote an IoT device being compromised or a hacker doing a lateral move in your network (classic in Ransomware scenario). We’ll have a canary setup here, see below for a more detailed description.

Obviously, all those rules are given as examples but it should be fairly easy for you to adapt them to your own context.

Port knocking

So this script handles port knocking by itself with the lines tagged in yellow, but the CGNAT problem forces us to have a fallback plan. We’ll use knockd to handle the matter on our machine.

But why is port knocking in the first place?

Well, take for granted that any application you expose might have an unknown security flaw. Or that your passwords are compromised. If the attacker doesn’t have access to the application port in the first place, even if he knows your pass or has a secret “headshot” 0 days exploit to launch, with port knocking he cannot even try in the first place, except if he uses the exact same IP as you do. This very heavily limits the risks of getting compromised. Also, using your 4G connection is far less risky than connecting to a Hotel (or public place) Wifi. But how to just allow a temporary connection from those locations? Well, port knocking is the (very underrated) key.

So before connecting to your machine, you will just launch a little app that will port “knock” your machine, nicely whitelisting the public IP you’re using and give you access to VPN, SSH, RDP, whatever you want.

KnockonD will do nicely on iOS, Knock on Ports for Android). It sends a stream of packets, in a certain order, to add your current IP address in a set that is whitelisted in the firewall. (Careful, some ISPs (like broadband carriers) are doing CGNAT, which can cripple this technique, but we’ll try to put a workaround together)

On the OPI you just need to run:

$ apt-get install knockd

And edit the configuration file (/etc/knockd.conf) as follows. Modify to your own port sequence:

[options]
        logfile = /var/log/knockd.log
        interface = eth0

[open]

sequence = 17:tcp,19:tcp,39:tcp,105:tcp seq_timeout = 10 command = nft add element inet filter whitelist_portknockd “{ `echo %IP% | cut -f1,2,3 -d “.”`”.0/24″ timeout 180s }” tcpflags = syn

[open2]

sequence = 443:tcp,25:tcp,53:udp,80:tcp,53:udp,80:tcp,443:tcp seq_timeout = 10 command = nft add element inet filter whitelist_portknockd “{ `echo %IP% | cut -f1,2,3 -d “.”`”.0/24″ timeout 180s }” tcpflags = syn

Two sequences here, one classic and another one that is compatible with heavily filtered networks that won’t allow you to access all ports freely. Both add not just your IP but your IP in a 24 range in the whitelisted set. This one is really made to address the pesky CGNAT problem.

IP Route

You also need a script that will create those multiple routing tables, and that will be able to use the marks we set in the script (part 7 in the nftables script).

Here is the script creating multiple routing tables, allowing different default routes for different usages. It’s also available from my GitHub:

Note: If you don’t have multiple wan connections like me, adjust accordingly by removing all occurrences of WAN2.

#!/bin/bash

### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:                  multiroute
# Required-Start:        $network
# Required-Stop:        $network
# Should-Start:
# Should-Stop:
# Default-Start:            2 3 4 5
# Default-Stop:            0 1 6
# Short-Description:    Multiroute manager
# Description:              Manage multi-routing
### END INIT INFO

Set_variables()
{
   WAN="eth0"
   LAN="lan0"
   WAN2="eth2"
   VPN=`ifconfig|grep tun0`
   VPNSERVER=`ifconfig|grep tun1`
 [[ ! -z "$VPN" ]] && VPNIF="tun0" && VPN=1 && VPNCLIENTIP=`ip -o addr | grep -v inet6 | grep tun0 | awk '{split($4, a, "/"); print a[1]}'` &&  VPNCLIENTROUTE=`ip route show|grep -v inet6 | grep "tun0 proto" | cut -f 1 -d " "`
  [[ ! -z "$VPNSERVER" ]] && VPNSERVERIF="tun1" && VPNSERVER=1 && VPNSERVERIP=`ip -o addr |grep -v inet6 | grep $VPNSERVERIF |awk '{split($4, a, "/"); print a[1]}'` && VPNSERVERROUTE=`ip route show |grep -v inet6 | grep $VPNSERVERIF | cut -f 1 -d " " | head -1`
}

Env_Cleanup()
{
  ip rule del from all fwmark 1 2>/dev/null
  ip rule del from all fwmark 2 2>/dev/null
  ip rule del from all fwmark 3 2>/dev/null
  ip rule del from all fwmark 4 2>/dev/null
  ip rule del lookup maincnx    2>/dev/null
  ip rule del lookup vpnclient  2>/dev/null
  ip rule del lookup vpnserver  2>/dev/null
  ip rule del lookup altcnx     2>/dev/null
  ip route flush table maincnx
  ip route flush table vpnclient
  ip route flush table vpnserver
  ip route flush table altcnx
  for i in /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/*/rp_filter; do echo 0 > "$i"; done # To avoid packet drop
}

Routing_Init()
{
  [[ $VPN ]] && echo -e "$ORANGE -> VPN IS UP (route: $VPNCLIENTROUTE, on dev: $VPNIF, ip: $VPNCLIENTIP) $END"

  ip route add table maincnx default dev $WAN via 192.168.1.2
  ip route add table maincnx 192.168.0.0/24 dev $LAN src 192.168.0.1
  ip route add table maincnx 192.168.1.0/24 dev $WAN src 192.168.1.1
  ip route add table maincnx 192.168.2.0/24 dev $WAN2 src 192.168.2.1
  [[ $VPN ]] && ip route add table maincnx $VPNCLIENTROUTE dev $VPNIF src $VPNCLIENTIP
  [[ $VPNSERVER ]] && ip route add table maincnx 10.0.0.0/24 dev $VPNSERVERIF src 10.0.0.1
  ip rule add from 192.168.1.2 table maincnx

  [[ $VPN ]] && ip route add table vpnclient default dev $VPNIF via $VPNCLIENTIP
  [[ $VPN ]] && ip route add table vpnclient $VPNCLIENTROUTE dev $VPNIF src $VPNCLIENTIP
  [[ $VPN ]] && ip route add table vpnclient 192.168.0.0/24 dev $LAN src 192.168.0.1
  [[ $VPN ]] && ip route add table vpnclient 192.168.1.0/24 dev $WAN src 192.168.1.1
  [[ $VPN ]] && ip route add table vpnclient 192.168.2.0/24 dev $WAN2 src 192.168.2.1
  ip rule add from $VPNCLIENTIP table vpnclient

  [[ $VPNSERVER ]] && ip route add table vpnserver default dev $VPNSERVERIF via $VPNSERVERIP
  [[ $VPNSERVER ]] && ip route add table vpnserver 192.168.0.0/24 dev $LAN src 192.168.0.1
  [[ $VPNSERVER ]] && ip route add table vpnserver 192.168.1.0/24 dev $WAN src 192.168.1.1
  [[ $VPNSERVER ]] && ip route add table vpnserver 192.168.2.0/24 dev $WAN2 src 192.168.2.1
  [[ $VPNSERVER ]] && ip route add table vpnserver 10.0.0.0/24 dev $VPNSERVERIF src 10.0.0.1
  [[ $VPNSERVER ]] && ip rule add from $VPNSERVERIP table vpnserver

  ip route add table altcnx default dev $WAN2 via 192.168.2.2
  ip route add table altcnx 192.168.0.0/24 dev $LAN src 192.168.0.1
  ip route add table altcnx 192.168.1.0/24 dev $WAN src 192.168.1.1
  ip route add table altcnx 192.168.2.0/24 dev $WAN2 src 192.168.2.1
  ip rule add from 192.168.2.2 table altcnx

  ip rule add from all fwmark 1 table maincnx
  [[ $VPN ]] && ip rule add from all fwmark 2 table vpnclient
  [[ $VPNSERVER ]] && ip rule add from all fwmark 3 table vpnserver
  ip rule add from all fwmark 4 table altcnx
  ip route flush cache

  for i in /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/*/rp_filter; do echo 0 > "$i"; done # To avoid packet drop
  echo 1 | sudo tee /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward > /dev/null
}

case "$1" in

start)
  Set_variables
  [[ $VPN ]] && sleep 5 # Wait for VPN to be up if not yet started when the firewall script kicks in
  /usr/bin/logger -t "Multi route" "Starting" -p4
  /usr/bin/logger -t "Multi route" "VPN CLIENT DETECTED, ADDING RULES" -p4
  /usr/bin/logger -t "Multi route" "VPN SERVER DETECTED, ADDING RULES" -p4
  Env_Cleanup
  Routing_Init
  exit 0
;;

stop)
  Set_variables
  /usr/bin/logger -t "Multi route" "Stopped" -p4
  echo 0 | sudo tee /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward > /dev/null
  ip rule del from all fwmark 1 2>/dev/null
  ip rule del from all fwmark 2 2>/dev/null
  ip rule del from all fwmark 3 2>/dev/null
  ip rule del from all fwmark 4 2>/dev/null
  ip route flush cache
  exit 0
;;

restart)
  /usr/bin/logger -t "Multiroute" "restart initiated" -p4
  $0 stop
  sleep 1
  echo -e '\n'
  $0 start
;;

*)
  echo -e "$YELLOW Usage: /etc/init.d/multiroute.sh {start|stop|restart}$END"
  exit 1
;;

esac
exit 0

The script is an old-fashioned SysV init script that goes into /etc/init.d after you’ve made it executable with chmod 755 and will be executed during startup.

This script basically creates four different routing tables. So instead of having just one “default route” for all your machines, your firewall now has four different tables, each containing a set of specific routing rules. So if you mark a packet with 0x2, (see in the nftables configuration, the mangle part) the machine will ship it through the VPN connection. If you tag it with 0x4, it will use your alternate connection, say a 4G for example. The tag 0x3 will be for the VPN Server and the 0x2 for VPN client. It’s just magic how many opportunities this kind of IPtables / Nftables mangling system, coordinated with IP routing can open.

VPN

We speak here of a client VPN. A VPN that you subscribed to and want to be able to use in certain situations, or more precisely with certain packets. If you want to bypass a geographical lock from some TV broadcasters or Netflix or use some protocols rather on an anonymous connection than the usual one, or just to preserve your anonymity this is the way to do it.

Once you find your dream VPN provider, they will most likely give you files to set up your VPN connection, and usually, they are made for both Wireguard and OpenVPN. I will show you how to install and configure the latter.
You will just need to install OpenVPN, upload those files (usually a .conf file also embedding all certificates and a user.pass file with the credentials) in the /etc/openvpn directory, enable openvpn in /etc/default/openvpn and you should be able to connect.

$ sudo apt-get install openvpn
$ sudo sed -i '/#AUTOSTART="all"/s/^#//g' /etc/default/openvpn

A typical OpenVPN client configuration looks like this:

client
dev tun
proto udp
remote [OPENVPN SERVER IP] 1194
resolv-retry infinite
remote-random
nobind
tun-mtu 1500
tun-mtu-extra 32
mssfix 1450
persist-key
persist-tun
ping 15
ping-restart 0
ping-timer-rem
reneg-sec 0
comp-lzo no
log /var/log/openvpn.log
remote-cert-tls server
auth-user-pass /etc/openvpn/user.pass.vpn
route-nopull
verb 3
pull
fast-io
cipher AES-256-CBC
auth SHA512
script-security 2
up "/etc/init.d/firewall restart"
down "/etc/init.d/firewall restart"

-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
[YOUR CERTIFICATE]
-----END CERTIFICATE-----

key-direction 1

#
# 2048 bit OpenVPN static key
#
[YOUR KEY]

CAUTION:
There is a minor security vulnerability here. Using the auth-user-pass /etc/openvpn/user.pass.vpn file is not ideal. This file contains your credentials for connection in plaintext to avoid providing them manually during initialization of the VPN. This plaintext isn’t encrypted and could expose your credentials if your firewall is ever seized or you become prone to a very critical vulnerability, like a 0day buffer overflow of some sort, would successfully compromise your firewall. On my end, I live with it, but you’ve been warned.

PS: The firewall is automatically reloaded when the VPN goes up or down to add the proper rules.

Create the directory for custom scripts

We need a directory to save custom scripts. Create /usr/local/scripts and sudo chown it to your current user for convenience.

DuckDNS

While we are at it, let’s make this machine easy for you to locate online. Should you have a dynamic IP address, just crash by DuckDNS, create yourself an account and register your IP and duckdns.org subdomain for free. Here is a little script to help you update it on a regular basis:

$ echo url="https://www.duckdns.org/update?domains=YOUR_DOMAINE&token=YOUR_TOKEN&ip=" | curl -k -o /var/log/duckdns.log -K -

The token is found under your login at duckdns.org after clicking the ‘>>> reCAPTCHA <<<’ button.

Use the script by saving it to e.g./usr/local/scripts/duckdns.sh, chmod 755 it and execute it every half an hour with a crontab like this:

$ crontab -e

$ crontab -e

It should look somewhat like this:

MAILFROM=[YOUR_SENDING_EMAIL]
MAILTO=[YOUR_RECEIVING_EMAIL]

#m   h  dom mon dow      command
17   *   *   *   *       cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.hourly
45  10   *   *   *       test -x /usr/sbin/anacron || ( cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.daily )
47   6   *   *   7       test -x /usr/sbin/anacron || ( cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.weekly )
52   6   1   *   *       test -x /usr/sbin/anacron || ( cd / && run-parts --report /etc/cron.monthly )
30   *   *   *   6       /usr/local/scripts/duckdns.sh

Only the last line is added by us. The first lines are usually present default. YMMV.

Note: In order for the user who executes the duckdns.sh script to have permissions to write a log file in /var/log it needs to be part of the syslog group. This can easily be done by running sudo addgroup <user> syslog.

Adguard

Adguard is a really cool piece of software that is basically running a DNS that resolves all advertisement servers to 127.0.0.1 (resulting in many ads not being shown. Hooray!). You install it on your LAN and instead of connecting directly to 8.8.8.8 or your ISP DNS, you tell all your LAN users to rather use it.

If your request is not going toward an Ad server, it’s just resolved by the DNS you instructed Adguard to use. Otherwise, your client, say your mobile phone, will just ask this ad from 127.0.0.1 (himself), getting nothing in return. With this, a chrome plugin like Adblock as well as youtube Adblock and advertisement will be a thing of the past.

I highly recommend visiting their Github here. Installation is fairly easy:

$ curl -s -S -L https://raw.githubusercontent.com/AdguardTeam/AdGuardHome/master/scripts/install.sh | sh -s -- -v

Note: The script will obtain root permissions and ask for those as needed.

Now we have a DNS relay running on localhost.

You can also just use the DNS servers of Adguard directly. These are present at 94.140.14.14 and 94.140.15.15.

If you want to finalize your setup of Adguard, just connect with a browser to the firewall (likely on 192.168.0.1 at this stage), on port 3000. It should look like this:

Use the wizard to set up Adguard and continue the tutorial.

Adding a DHCP server to finalize our LAN setup

Well, now that most of the tools are up & running, let’s have a DHCP running to give addresses to machines in the LAN, which your ISP box won’t do anymore since it’s on the other side of the firewall. While we are at it, we can now ship IP addresses with the local Adguard DNS to get rid of ads.

$ sudo apt-get install isc-dhcp-server
$ cat | sudo tee /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf

Copy/paste this (and end with CTRL+D):

deny declines;
log-facility local7;
authoritative;

subnet 192.168.0.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
  interface eth1;
  range 192.168.0.5 192.168.0.200;
  option routers 192.168.0.1;
  option broadcast-address 192.168.0.255;
  option domain-name-servers 192.168.0.1, 94.140.14.14; # Local adguard DNS proxy + online adguard DNS
  default-lease-time 259200;
  max-lease-time 604800;
}

host machine1 {
  hardware ethernet 00:11:22:33:AA:DD;
  fixed-address 192.168.0.3;
}

host machine2 {
  hardware ethernet 85:55:85:42:12;
  fixed-address 192.168.0.4;
}

Given as an example, I advise you to have static IPs directly like for machine 1 & 2 in this file if you can. This makes it easier to locate them later. We point the DNS to our local instance of Adguard and, as a backup also to their online DNS if our own is not replying fast enough.

So this was part 2 of our trilogy of how to install the CrowdWall. I hope you enjoyed reading it as much as I enjoyed writing it. Stay tuned for part 3 where things really start to get interesting once we add CrowdSec to the mix.

Source :
https://www.crowdsec.net/blog/crowdwall-part-2

How to set up an effective firewall and preserve your security & privacy with Orange Pi R1+, Netfilter, AdGuard and CrowdSec.

Welcome to the first part of our trilogy where the goal is to inspire you to create a very efficient firewall to protect your remote work environment, family, or your small business, which offers a serious level of security, at a low cost.

This first part will be centered around the basics: choosing hardware and installing the operating system and doing basic configuration. Part two will be on how to set up firewall functionality, setup client VPN to protect your identity online, setting up AdGuard for the entire network, DuckDNS if you don’t have a static IP as well as port knocking which is a cool way to close down your internet exposed services to anyone but you (or anyone else who knows the secret combination to enter). The third and final part will be about how to secure your network even more with CrowdSec – how to set up a canary device that ‘tweets’ when unexpected events like for instance port scanning occurs; something you would typically never do yourself.

It’s also being part of a larger project, CrowdSec, which is blocking Internet attacks and sharing IPs that launched them. You protect yourself and others at the same time. In essence, this comprehensive guide will show you how to:

• Create security robust enough to resist even if passwords are compromised
• Create a reliable hardware environment for your firewall
• Install the OS on it and create a rock-solid Firewall to protect your activities
• Add CrowdSec to protect your WLAN services you’d like to expose over the Internet and detect if any local IoT device is going rogue (e.g. cams, assistants, connected speakers, etc.)
• Allow external access to DMZ-like services to control your home on distance and access your firewall
• Add a VPN to protect your anonymity online
• Add an anti-advertisement & anti-tracking system

Needed skills

You should have basic knowledge of Linux and Shell. If you can download and install a Linux distribution by yourself, nothing should sound overly difficult.

Enough talk. Let’s get started!

Part 1: Choosing hardware and installing OS

Needed hardware

The CrowdWall is among the cheapest possible decent security setup you can get.

The components are correct but your networks will not be very isolated internally. The advanced version offers both better security and performance. The “expert” CrowdWall is made to protect a small business of tens of coworkers.

In the basic CrowdWall setup, you can also add cost-efficient Wifi Access Points like this Tenda (around 45€) or add a third Ethernet interfaceor Wifi connection (over USB).

Should you want to organize a large distribution of the CrowdWall, say equip all your remote working force with it, you can look at the GL Inet products line. They are nicely priced if you go for volumes and offer real good performances for the money.

The Orange PI R1+ benefits from very interesting characteristics beyond its small price tag. It runs on a 1.5 GHzGhz SoC with 1 GB ram which is enough for the job. It also provides two ethernet ports, has marginal power consumption, and even provides a USB port and a GPIO. (The Rock Pi-E can also do the job nicely and offers a bigger GPIO but for slightly more money)

Photo 1, an Orange PI 1 R+, 2 & 3, its 3D printed case

If you don’t have an Orange PI R1+ other similar single-board computers can be used instead: Orange PI R1+ LTS (Same SOC, slower, low power RAM), NanoPi R2S, NanoPi R4S, ROCK Pi E, or even a Raspberry Pi 3 or 4 with an extra ethernet plug. In the latter case, you probably want to use one connected via HAT. In either case, you won’t be able to use the same fancy case but would have to design your own or adapt mine.

Setting up your firewall

Going forward I will describe setting up using Orange PI R1+.

Physical setup

Just plug your Internet connection (usually the Box from your ISP) to the lower port (the one down, closest to the GPIO, on the above picture) and your LAN (usually your switch) to the left port above picture.

Plug the Orange Pi (from hereon ‘OPI’) to the Power supply, or if you want for redundant power supply, power up the OPI from the power bank and the bank from a regular power plug. This should give you some hours before the firewall shuts down and eventually give it time to notify you beforehand.

The physical setup should look like this:

Figure 1: The set-top box, local LAN & WAN setup, you can leave the Box Wifi for home & family use and dedicate the other Access Point to business.

Software initial setup

1/ At the time of writing the newest supported version of Armbian is Armbian 22.05 Jammy, based on Ubuntu 22.04 Jammy Jellyfish. It doesn’t matter too much if the version of Armbian you install on is based on Debian or Ubuntu as long as it’s a supported version. Download it here. Other Debian-based distros like https://dietpi.com/ should also work although this hasn’t been tested.

2/ Download a USB stick/SDcard flasher. Balena etcher is great for this. It’s very straightforward to use and runs on both Windows, Linux & macOS environments.

Remember we are on a headless device with no HDMI port, so we are going to use it in command-line (CLI) mode only. That being said you could get a serial TTY console, but the effort and complication is really not worth the time (unless you need it for debugging).

After flashing and booting your appliance you should connect it to the eth0/WAN ethernet plug (furthest away from the power connector). You will have to check your DHCP server which IP is assigned to your CrowdWall (it’s usually residing on the box you got from your internet provider). The default ssh login is root and the password is 1234. After connecting to it you will be walked through an installation wizard that will set you up with a personal user account and sudo.

The other ethernet interface will be called lan0. And for everything to work you will need to configure it.

Setting up lan0

Configure a static IP on lan0 by editing /etc/network/interfaces and adding the following:

auto lan0
iface lan0 inet static
address 192.168.0.1/24

Start lan0 with the new configuration by typing sudo ifup lan0. Verify that the lan0 interface is up by typing ip addr show lan0 in a terminal.

Setting up your Internet Box in DMZ mode (Full NAT)

No two providers have the same box, OS, hardware, interface etc. hence no universal cut/paste commands, or screenshots to help here.

The feature you’re looking for is usually named “DMZ IP”. Enabling this feature requires you to input a LAN IP address, which will be the one to which all the Internet traffic will be redirected, without filtering. This is essential if you later intend to accept connections from the Internet to your home by exposing some services, like your home automation, NVR / IP cameras, or even a VPN server.

There are other ways of doing this, like enabling ports one by one, probably in a “Network”, “NAT” or “Network Address Translation” tab, but this requires you to get into the box interface every time you need to update a port, it’s error-prone and less flexible.

Basically, where/when possible, one shouldn’t trust the ISP’s Box either. So if you can bypass it totally, do it. Often enough, specifically in an FDDI context, you can just use the little modem that connects to your fiber and connects with Ethernet to your box, and plug yourself right in instead of the ISP box. There are tutorials online, just Duckduckgo (same as Googling but with privacy) for “how to bypass [BOX PROVIDER NAME] box”.

Absolutely not mandatory and mainly interesting for paranoïd people, but if you can do it, this is an even safer setup, even though bringing back the TV and Phone feature (should you want them), could be slightly more complicated, but far from impossible for advanced users.

So this was part 1 of our trilogy of how to install the CrowdWall. Part 2 will continue with configuring your installation with essential firewall functionality like traffic filtering, anti-ad features, and much more. Stay tuned!

Source :
https://www.crowdsec.net/blog/crowdwall-tough-firewall-for-50e