Blue and White status LEDs apply to all our UniFi access points, routers, switches and the UDM (base model) with the exception of the legacy devices: UAP, UAP-LR, UAP-Outdoor5.
Legacy UAPs have Amber and Green LED on the front of the unit. See this section for legacy AP LED patterns.
The animations are for illustrative purposes – the speed of the flashing or strobing patterns below might differ slightly with that of the device.
While the LED patterns below are shown for Access Points, the rest of the UniFi device LED patterns have the same meaning.
Flashing White / Off every 1/2s
The device is initializing and booting up
Steady White
The device is awaiting Adoption
Slow flashing Blue (UDM only)
A client device is connected to the UDM via Bluetooth
Steady Blue
The device is adopted and is in normal operating mode
The device firmware is currently being upgraded – do not interrupt the process!
(UDM will flash only white during an upgrade)
Blue and flashing Off every 5s
Access Point has lost network connectivity and is searching for wireless uplink
Rapid flashing Blue / Off
The device “Locate” feature was activated in the UniFi Network application
Flashing White-Blue-Off
The device is in TFTP mode.
To enable this mode:
Hold the reset button before applying power
Continue to hold the reset button until this LED sequence appears
If this wasn’t intentional, please check if the device’s reset button isn’t jammed (it should click when pushed).
LED Off
The device is offline.
Verify the Power, POE, and Ethernet cables to troubleshoot.
UniFi Bridge to Bridge (UBB)
Aside from the statuses described above, the UBB has two additional ones:
Red with Circulating Blue LED
The 60 GHz link cannot be established or has dropped due to bad weather. If the UBB fails over to 5 GHz, the LED will remain red. When the 60 GHz link is re-established, the LED will turn blue or the custom color you selected in the UniFi Network application.
Note: If the other bridge device is within range and the UBB LED is red, we recommend adjusting the UBB’s position to enhance the signal strength.
Green
If the Alignment Tool enabled in the UniFi Network application, a green LED means the UBB devices are properly aligned.
Note: If the other bridge device is within range and the UBB LED is green and red, we recommend adjusting the UBB’s position until the LED is green.
Legacy Amber and Green LED patterns
Applies to: UAP, UAP-LR, UAP-Outdoor5.
Flashing Amber / Off every 1/2s: The AP is initializing and booting up
Steady Amber: The AP is awaiting adoption
Steady Green: The AP is adopted and is in normal operating mode (AP is broadcasting SSIDs)
Strobing Amber / Off: If this happens, power cycle the AP and reach out to our support team if it doesn’t change the LED pattern
Quickly flashing Amber / Green: The AP firmware is currently being upgraded – do not interrupt the process!
Green and flashing Off every 5s: AP has lost network connectivity and is searching for wireless uplink
Rapid flashing Green / Off: The device “Locate” feature was activated in the UniFi Network application
Flashing Amber-Green-Off: The device is in TFTP mode. To enable this mode, hold the reset button before applying the power and continue to hold it until this LED sequence appears. If this wasn’t intentional, please check if the device’s reset button isn’t jammed (it should click when pushed).
LED Off: The device is offline. Verify the Power, PoE, and Ethernet cables to troubleshoot.
LED patterns for ports
The ports of UniFi Security Gateways and UniFi Switches have a different type, number, and location.
Please make sure to reference your specific device model’s Quick Start Guide (QSG) for the exact location and description of its ports.
Console Port’s right LED (in the applicable devices):
LED Off: Power Off
LED Green: Power On
Speed/Link/Act (right LED ports other than Console):
LED Off: No Link
LED Amber: Link Established at 10/100 Mbps
LED Flashing Amber: Link Activity at 10/100 Mbps
LED Green: Link Established at 1000 Mbps
LED Flashing Green: Link Activity at 1000 Mbps
PoE (left LED on ports of applicable devices):
LED Off: No PoE
LED Amber: IEEE 802.3af/802.3at
LED Green: 24V Passive
SFP (in the applicable devices):
LED Off: No Link
LED Green: Link Established at 1 Gbps
LED Flashing Green: Link activity at 1 Gbps
See specific port LED information in the Hardware Overview section (between pages 5 and 6) of the Quick Start Guides (QSG). You can find the QSGs in the Documentation section of our UniFi Downloads page, by searching for the device in question in the left hand menu.
LED patterns for PoE Adapters
LED is Off: PoE is Off.
LED is On and steady: PoE is functioning as it should.
LED is blinking: this is not a configured state, this may indicate that the device is not connected properly, or that something is wrong with the cable.
How to disable device LEDs
The device status LEDs can be disabled for all the site, or only for specific UniFi devices.
To enable/disable status LEDs throughout a site, go to to Settings > Site on the UniFi Network application and edit the LED feature in the Services section.
To configure specific devices individually:
Go to the Devices section and click on the device you wish to edit to bring up the Properties panel
Go to Config > General > LED and switch the Site Settings to On or Off.
This article describes how to access the emergency recovery user interface (UI) and recover a UniFi Cloud Key or a UniFi Cloud Key Gen 2 (UCK-G2-PLUS and UCK-G2 models). From this recovery UI you can reset it to factory defaults, reboot it, power it off and upgrade the firmware.NOTES & REQUIREMENTS:
To upgrade the firmware, you will need to download a firmware file (.bin) for the Cloud Key found in our Downloads page. Use the left hand menu to select the correct Cloud Key model and find the newest firmware available.
To access this interface you will need to know the IP address of the Cloud Key (visible in the device screen).
For second generation Cloud Keys (UCK-G2 and UCK-G2-PLUS) follow these steps to access the Emergency Recovery UI:
Power off the system.
Press and hold the reset button and then power on the Cloud Key by connecting it to the power source.
Cloudkey G2:
CloudKey G2 Plus
Keep the reset button pressed for about 10 seconds, or until you see the recovery LED pattern in a loop (blue – off – white). The LCD screen on the front panel will also read “RECOVERY MODE.”
Once the LED is flashing in the recovery mode pattern, open your browser and type the IP address for the Cloud Key, visible on the device’s screen. The IP address comes from your DHCP server, if you can’t access DHCP, the fallback IP will work: 192.168.1.30. However, keep in mind that if your Cloud Key does have a IP address assigned by the DHCP server, the fallback IP will not work.
You should be taken to the Recovery Mode screen. From here you can reset, reboot, power off and most importantly you can upload an updated firmware bin file.
To update the firmware, go to the Downloads page, find the correct Cloud Key model on the left hand menu and then click on the download button, read and accept information, and then download the firmware file to your computer to upload in the Recovery Mode UI. Once it is uploaded you will have to reboot the Cloud Key to complete the firmware upgrade.
The LED will flash white while upgrading and then a steady white when it is ready.
Cloud Key Gen 1 Emergency Recovery
For first generation Cloud Keys follow these steps to access the Emergency Recovery UI:
Power off the system.
Press and hold the reset button and then power on the Cloud Key by connecting it to the power source.
Keep the reset button pressed for about 10 seconds, or until you see the recovery LED pattern in a loop (blue – off – white).
Once the LED is flashing in the recovery mode pattern, open your browser and type the IP address for the Cloud Key. The IP address comes from your DHCP server, if you can’t access DHCP, the fallback IP will work: 192.168.1.30. However, keep in mind that if your Cloud Key does have a IP address assigned by the DHCP server, the fallback IP will not work. If you are using a Gen 2 Cloud Key you will see its IP address on the device screen.User Tip: If you don’t know your Cloud Key’s IP address, you can use thearp -a SSH command or software such as nmap to find the IP address.
You should be taken to the Recovery Mode screen. From here you can reset, reboot, power off and most importantly you can upload an updated firmware bin file.
To update the firmware, go to the Downloads page, find the correct Cloud Key model on the left hand menu and then click on the download button, read and accept information, and then download the firmware file to your computer to upload in the Recovery Mode UI. Once it is uploaded you will have to reboot the Cloud Key to complete the firmware upgrade.
Once it is uploaded you will have to reboot the Cloud Key to complete the firmware upgrade.
The LED will flash white while upgrading and then a steady white when it is ready.
In this article, we’re going to look at Virtual Private Networks in Azure and how you can use them. As you may know, a Virtual Private Network or VPN is an encrypted tunnel over the Internet or other shared networks, for example, a telco provider network.
VPNs use different technologies to encrypt the traffic, the most common ones are IPSec and OpenVPN SSL.
VPNs can connect branches (“sites”), and/or clients devices to a corporate network. Branch and Site VPN connections are most called Site-to-Site or S2S VPNs and are generally permanently connected. User and Device VPN tunnels are called Point-to-Site or P2S VPNs and are normally initiated by the user or automatically by an application but are disconnected after they’re no longer in use.
In Azure, you can have and use both types of VPNs but depending on the solution of choice it can be a different setup.
Let us first explore the VPN Service and Device Options you have in Azure.
VPN Services and Devices
In Azure there are three different options to build VPNs:
Using Virtual Network Gateways
Using Azure Virtual WAN
Using Network Virtual Appliances
All of them are capable of both Point-to-Site and Site-to-Site connections but they have different infrastructures underneath each of them.
Virtual Network Gateway
Virtual Network Gateways are a classic approach, that many network architects are familiar with. You deploy one VPN Virtual Network Gateway Service within a Virtual Network. That service combines Point-to-Site and Site-to-Site Gateways and can be deployed in different sizes.
Here’s a list of different VPN Gateway SKUs:
VPN Gateway Generation
SKU
S2S/VNet-to-VNet Tunnels
P2S SSTP Connections
P2S IKEv2/OpenVPN Connections
Aggregate Throughput Benchmark
BGP
Zone-redundant
Generation1
Basic
Max. 10
Max. 128
Not Supported
100 Mbps
Not Supported
No
Generation1
VpnGw1
Max. 30*
Max. 128
Max. 250
650 Mbps
Supported
No
Generation1
VpnGw2
Max. 30*
Max. 128
Max. 500
1 Gbps
Supported
No
Generation1
VpnGw3
Max. 30*
Max. 128
Max. 1000
1.25 Gbps
Supported
No
Generation1
VpnGw1AZ
Max. 30*
Max. 128
Max. 250
650 Mbps
Supported
Yes
Generation1
VpnGw2AZ
Max. 30*
Max. 128
Max. 500
1 Gbps
Supported
Yes
Generation1
VpnGw3AZ
Max. 30*
Max. 128
Max. 1000
1.25 Gbps
Supported
Yes
Generation2
VpnGw2
Max. 30*
Max. 128
Max. 500
1.25 Gbps
Supported
No
Generation2
VpnGw3
Max. 30*
Max. 128
Max. 1000
2.5 Gbps
Supported
No
Generation2
VpnGw4
Max. 30*
Max. 128
Max. 5000
5 Gbps
Supported
No
Generation2
VpnGw5
Max. 30*
Max. 128
Max. 10000
10 Gbps
Supported
No
Generation2
VpnGw2AZ
Max. 30*
Max. 128
Max. 500
1.25 Gbps
Supported
Yes
Generation2
VpnGw3AZ
Max. 30*
Max. 128
Max. 1000
2.5 Gbps
Supported
Yes
Generation2
VpnGw4AZ
Max. 30*
Max. 128
Max. 5000
5 Gbps
Supported
Yes
Generation2
VpnGw5AZ
Max. 30*
Max. 128
Max. 10000
10 Gbps
Supported
Yes
As you can see, picking the right size depends on several factors, including the expected number of connected users/sites as well as your aggregate bandwidth internet connections.
Depending on the SKU, gateways are deployed with different sets of features. Normally Virtual Network Gateways are deployed in a pair, in an active/standby configuration without using Availability Zones in Azure. To use Availability Zones, you need to use a SKU with AZ at the end. If you want to switch from one SKU to another, that will require a 45-minute downtime. A switch from non-Availability Zone to Availability Zone will require a complete redeployment of the Virtual Network Gateway, which can take up to 2 hours.
Azure Virtual Network Gateway supports the following encryption standards for Site-to-Site tunnels.
If you want to use Point-to-Site it supports OpenVPN (SSL/TLS-based), Secure Sockets Tunneling Protocol (SSTP) or IKEv2 VPN, more information is available here:
Azure Virtual Network Gateways are a traditional and proven way to deploy VPN solutions Azure, but they are not as flexible as other solutions.
Virtual WAN
In comparison to Azure Virtual Network Gateways, Virtual WAN Gateways work differently. The first major difference is that Virtual WAN makes a distinction between Point-to-Site Gateways and Site-to-Site Gateways. While in Azure Virtual Network Gateways both Gateways are one service, in Virtual WAN you have different Gateways for each use case.
Another major difference is that Azure Virtual WAN Gateways are deployed in scale units. These units can be scaled up and down on-demand, without any service interruption.
Another great feature is, that Virtual WAN Network Gateways are always deployed as highly available as possible. These Gateways are deployed in Virtual Machine Scale Sets and are by default deployed in Availability Zones if the Azure Region supports them. If an Azure Region does not yet support Azure Availability Zones, the Virtual Network Gateways are deployed in Availability Sets and as soon as the region supports Availability Zones, the backend is updated automatically.
Azure Virtual WAN Site-to-Site Gateways supports the following IPSec encryption standards.
You can have up to 200 Scale units supporting 100,000 clients. The payment model for Virtual WAN Point-to-Site Clients is by connected users per minute. So, it’s completely paid as you go per connected user plus the amount of Gateway Scale Units.
With Virtual WAN, there is another very important point, routing between Site-to-Site VPN, Point-to-Site VPN and ExpressRoute Gateways is enabled by default without any additional efforts by the customer. You can get more details via the link below.
Network Virtual Appliances are Virtual Machines running in a classical Virtual Network or Azure Virtual WAN. Those Appliances are third party and are available via the Microsoft Azure Marketplace.
Those appliances are harder to integrate and make highly available. The configuration is completely the responsibility of the customer, but for certain scenarios, they can offer major benefits for customers. One major selling point is if your organization has already standardized on a particular vendor/appliance, using the same one in Azure will ensure consistency and lower the learning curve for your network engineers.
Those appliances are mostly supporting additional features like Quality of Service, special encryption protocols or VPN Client tunnel optimization. For example, Barracuda Networks uses its own VPN Tunnel and encryption protocol TINA between their appliances and devices.
Then there are appliance partners who offer great VPN clients with additional features like filtering, split tunnelling by service or traffic optimization. Examples are Palo Alto Global Protect or FortiGate FortiClient.
Those appliances are much harder to integrate into a classic hub and spoke environment, with Virtual WAN the process of deployment is more automated. If you use those NVAs, you also have additional license costs for the appliances, which must be paid to the OEM.
As already mentioned, feature sets of those Network Virtual Appliances are often much richer than with bare Azure Virtual Network Gateways and Virtual WAN Gateways.
How to Deploy a VPN
Let me guide you on how to deploy a VPN Tunnel with the different service offerings. As the nature of the three solutions is completely different, I will split them up into three separate parts.
Virtual Network Gateway
As there is already a lot of deployment documentation out there, I will not create a new one. Let me just point you to the right resources, so that you can start and deploy according to Microsoft best practices.
As an additional option, you can pick a Network Virtual Appliance, if the Appliance of your choice is available in Virtual WAN. I would encourage you to make use of the more PaaS like the approach of Azure Virtual WAN.
The deployment of VPN Connections with Network Virtual Appliances is pretty diverse and depends on the vendor itself. Before I can point you to some example documentation, start with the documentation on how to deploy NVAs.
This documentation describes how to deploy an NVA in Azure.
You should follow that guide to ensure that the NVA is deployed according to supported standards. As there are a lot of partners out there, please contact the vendor of your choice to get additional guidance.
Palo Alto
The first vendor with very good documentation on the deployment is Palo Alto. You can find their guides below.
Barracuda is not that common among enterprise customers in Europe but offers a great portfolio of features including their own tunnelling protocol. Please find their docs below.
Within the Troubleshooting part, I will only concentrate on the troubleshooting guides for Azure Services, as the troubleshooting on NVA is extremely specific to the vendor.
For Azure Virtual Network Gateways, there are two good troubleshooting guides available in Microsoft’s Documentation.
One focuses on connections to Azure Virtual Network Gateways dropping or being unable to connect.
When looking into Azure Virtual WAN is more difficult, as you may not have access to the Monitoring and Troubleshooting logs. So, if you have the need for deeper troubleshooting, it makes sense to engage with Microsoft Support. In any case, you should have good monitoring in place according to documentation.
Sometimes Customers can confuse Azure VPN with other services available. Most commonly customers confuse Virtual Network Peering and Azure ExpressRoute with VPN Solutions.
Virtual Network Peering
Azure Virtual Network Peering is “only” a peering connection via the Microsoft Global Network between two Virtual Networks in Azure. It uses Software Defined Network technologies to connect the two networks and there is no Virtual Gateway necessary to do so. Virtual Network Peering is only used for interconnecting Virtual Networks within Azure and there is no option to use Virtual Network Peering to connect to the world outside of Microsoft Azure.
To learn more about peering, please visit the documentation below.
Microsoft Azure ExpressRoute is like VPN a connection to networks outside of the Microsoft Global Network. Its build to connect Customer Networks with the Microsoft PaaS Network via Peering or the Customer Private IaaS infrastructure using peering and private gateways.
The difference between Azure ExpressRoute and VPN is the fact that ExpressRoute is not leveraging internet connections or shared networks. With ExpressRoute you get a private end to end connection from your on-premises location to the Microsoft Global Network.
Those connections are more expensive but can offer more bandwidth or better Service Level Agreements, depending on your location and network service provider. ExpressRoute is not always better than VPN, always check your use case and your needs.
To be honest, Network Providers like to sell ExpressRoute due to better margins than with premium Internet connections. If you are interested in more information about that topic, you can visit some other articles here on the DOJO.
As is often the case with Microsoft’s service offerings there are several ways to achieve the same goal, here’s a flowchart I use when talking to customers about this.
That chart should help, at least for the initial discussion and understanding, which solution is best for your situation.
Conclusion
The “right” solution depends on what you want to achieve with your architecture. Often, it’s a decision driven by costs and features. Please also take complexity and maybe newer security requirements and approaches into account.
For example, if you’re searching for RADIUS integration, and the only solution might be costly, maybe it’s better to reconsider the requirement and check if you can achieve the same security requirements with Azure Active Directory Authentication instead.
The previous entries in this section have gone through the most complex sections of Failover Cluster Manager as it applies to Hyper-V. Most of the tool’s remaining functions deal with the supporting infrastructure for a cluster and are much less involved with the virtual machines. If you’re building up and configuring a brand new cluster, these areas are where you’ll spend a lot of your initial time. For a functioning cluster, they still contain useful information but won’t be frequently accessed.
How to Manage Hyper-V Cluster Nodes in Failover Cluster Manager
In the left pane underneath the cluster that you wish to work with, the second tree item is Nodes. This is where you’ll find the physical systems that perform the virtualization hosting for your cluster. If you have hosts that perform other roles for this cluster but are not cluster members, such as storage nodes, they should not appear here.
While it is technically possible for a single cluster to operate multiple roles, such as Hyper-V and Scale-Out File Server (SOFS), a single cluster cannot serve as both the storage platform and the virtualization platform for the same Hyper-V guests. Differing host types should be placed in separate clusters. The only secondary role supported in a Hyper-V cluster is the Hyper-V Replica Broker.
The typical node view should look something like the following. In this cluster, all nodes are present with a status of Up:
There are two context menus to work with in this section. As with all other aspects of Failover Cluster Manager, you can access an object’s context menu by either right-clicking it or by left-clicking it and looking in the panes at the far right.
For the Nodes tree object itself, there is only one unique item: Add Node. Clicking this will take you through the same screens that you saw in the first section of this application’s tour, except that the outcome will be the addition of a new node to an existing cluster rather than the creation of an all-new cluster. If you proceed through the wizard, you’ll be notified of the need to perform a cluster validation. Remember that you might need an up-to-date validation report if you contact Microsoft support.
The other items on the Roles tree node’s context menu are standard. You can customize the columns that appear in the center pane by selecting Customize, which is the only option in the View sub-tree. By default, you are shown the Assigned Vote and Current Vote columns, which give you the status of the cluster’s quorum. There is also an Information column that is usually empty, but will contain a preview of any error states. The last menu option allows you to Refresh the center pane to have Failover Cluster Manager re-check the status of the nodes. Finally, you can click Help to see Failover Cluster Manager’s MMC help window.
The context menu for a node is more complex, although not nearly to the same degree as what you saw for virtual machines in the Roles node.
Node Context Menu: Pause
Pausing a node makes it an ineligible target for role migrations. The node is still given a vote for quorum and remains in full communication with the other nodes. This is an ideal state if you wish to perform short-term manual maintenance operations on the node. This menu has two sub-menu items: Drain Roles and Do Not Drain Roles.
If you opt to perform a drain, the cluster will attempt to move all roles on that node to other nodes in the cluster based on its own balancing algorithms. Active guests with a priority of Medium or higher will be Live Migrated; all others will be Quick Migrated. Even if the drain operation is not fully successful, the node will be paused in order to prevent it from accepting any new roles.
Node Context Menu: Resume
The Resume option has the same options as the Pause menu in reverse: Fail Roles Back and Do Not Fail Roles Back. If you choose to perform failback, all roles that were migrated as part of the initial drain operation are retrieved after the node is resumed. Otherwise, they are left where they are.
Node Context Menu: Remote Desktop
This menu option starts the Remote Desktop Client, automatically targeted at the node.
Node Context Menu: Information Details
If any operation resulted in an error status, the Information column will show a short preview. Use this menu item to display the complete error message.
Node Context Menu: Show Critical Events
This menu item will spawn a minimalist event viewer window that shows critical events related to node and quorum management. Despite the implications in the context menu and the spawned window’s title bar text, the events are for all nodes.
Node Context Menu: More Actions
The More Actions menu gives you three sub-items. The first two are Stop Cluster Service and Start Cluster Service. In the current version of Failover Clustering, the outcome of stopping the cluster service in this fashion is very similar to the drain operation, with the exception that the cluster service (clussvc.exe) is gracefully halted. All of the node’s roles are drained and it cannot receive any incoming roles. The node will retain its quorum vote, although Dynamic Quorum may choose to rescind it.
The Start Cluster Service option will not restore drained roles. It will start the service, reattach the node to the cluster, and, if necessary, restore its quorum vote.
The final option on the More Actions menu is Evict. This should only be used when a node is being decommissioned or has failed entirely. In earlier versions of Failover Clustering, evicting a node was a fairly common troubleshooting step. It should no longer be necessary in current versions. Evicting a node does cause configuration information to be lost, so, even if rejoined, pre-existing validation reports may become invalidated.
How to Manipulate Storage for Hyper-V in Failover Cluster Manager
The storage node of Failover Cluster Manager allows you to work with cluster-controlled storage. Hyper-V does work perfectly well with virtual machines that are placed on file servers running SMB (storage message block) protocol version 3 or later. Version 3 debuted with Windows Server 2012. These storage locations are not controlled by the cluster and cannot be managed through Failover Cluster Manager. It can only work with standard cluster disks and Cluster Shared Volumes.
The Storage node has two sub-nodes of its own: Disks and Pools. Pools are used with Scale-Out File Servers (SOFS). It is technically possible to run Hyper-V roles and SOFS on the same cluster, but the virtual machines cannot be placed on space used by the same cluster’s SOFS. In addition to being unsupported, the system will error if you attempt to create such a “loopback” configuration.
Disks
For a Hyper-V cluster, the Disks sub-node is typically of much greater use. The only situation in which it would not contain any information is if you are not using a disk witness for quorum and all guests are stored on SMB 3 storage. In order for this section to be of any use, you must have connected shared storage to every one of the nodes using common direct-attached storage through an external SCSI interface, an iSCSI link, or a fibre channel link.
Each shared storage location must be formatted with NTFS or ReFS. A disk to be used for quorum must be formatted with NTFS. The details of preparing storage are not part of this tour. Storage will be talked about in more detail in a later article, but you can find detailed guidance on how to connect storage to a Hyper-V system here. Making the connections on the nodes will not automatically make them available to the cluster. That can be done through this section of Failover Cluster Manager.
To begin, select the Disks node in the left pane and access its context menu. The very first item is Add Disk. If there is no unused storage connected to every node, you’ll receive a dialog indicating as much:
If one or more disks are available, you’ll see something like the following:
The cluster automatically determines the Resource Name by using the text “Cluster Disk” and incrementing a number. Disk Info helps you to identify what is being connected, as it does not read volume information such as labels. The signature can also be used to identify the disk; it’s retrievable by using Get-Disk. When adding several disks at once that are of equal size, be certain to match them when accessing this screen as it will not be so readily available after being attached to the cluster. Check the box(es) for the disk(s) you’d like to add and click OK. Each disk should then appear in the center pane:
The next item in the Disks sub-node’s context menu is Move Available Storage. Its sub-options are the same for virtual machine migrations: Best Possible Node and Select Node. These items operate only on standard cluster disks; quorum disks and Cluster Shared Volumes are unaffected. Every single cluster disk is moved if possible.
The remaining options in this node are the standard View, Refresh, and Help items which work as they do elsewhere in Failover Cluster Manager.
Disk Items Context Menu
The items in the center pane represent the disk-based storage assigned to the cluster. They have a dynamic context menu. Each item is presented below in alphabetical order.
Add to Cluster Shared Volumes: This option is only available for standard cluster disks. Once used, the disk is converted to a CSV. It no longer appears as a separate disk attached to a singular cluster node but becomes an entity underneath C:\ClusterStorage on all nodes. A folder named Volume# will be created to represent this disk. It can be renamed, but doing so after virtual machines are placed on it will cause those virtual machines to break. Any virtual machines that were on the cluster disk before it was converted will also be broken.
Bring Online: This returns an offline object to online status. All disk types are eligible.
Information Details: If the previous operation on this item in this console resulted in an error, this entry will become active. Clicking it will spawn a dialog with details about the error.
Move: The Move option is only available for Cluster Shared Volumes. It reassigns ownership to another node, either automatically with the sub-item Best Possible Node or by manual selection using Select Node.
More Actions: As with the menu it’s found in, this displays a dynamic menu with the following possible options:
Assign to another role: In a Hyper-V cluster, this menu item is not useful. You do have the ability to assign it directly to a virtual machine role, but that doesn’t grant any special abilities to the virtual machine that it doesn’t already have. Virtual machines can already use any cluster disk as a pass-through disk. Using this menu item could help visually reinforce that a particular virtual machine is using it as pass-through storage.
Repair: This item becomes active for a disk in an offline state. This menu item is to be used In the event that the disk is offline because it has permanently failed and you are replacing it. The replacement disk must be attached to storage but must not have been added as a cluster disk; if it was added, remove it. Upon clicking Repair, a dialog will appear with all available storage. Choose the item that will replace the failed disk. Upon selecting the replacement item, it will be added into the cluster with the name of the disk that was replaced. You will be prompted to bring it online to complete the repair.
Show Dependency Report: This item is of little use in a Hyper-V cluster as disk resources are not assigned directly to roles. For CSVs, it will display the underlying Cluster Disk resource.
Simulate Failure: Triggers the configured failure action for a standard cluster disk or the quorum disk.
Turn off Maintenance Mode: Restores a disk object that was previously placed in Maintenance Mode to normal operation.
Turn on Maintenance Mode: This mode removes protections against tools such as CHKDSK from running against the volume and disables the cluster’s automated health checks. When activated against a Cluster Shared Volume, you receive a warning that roles will be taken offline; this is not true for virtual machines. However, the volume’s representation under C:\ClusterStorage will disappear and virtual machines in that space cannot be Live Migrated until Maintenance Mode is ended.
Properties: A properties dialog will be displayed that will change depending upon the selected item. These will be explored after this list.
Remove: The selected standard cluster disk is removed from cluster disks. Virtual machines on it will instantly crash.
Remove from role: If a cluster disk is assigned to a role, a menu item will appear allowing you to return it to Available Storage.
Remove from Cluster Shared Volumes: The selected CSV is returned from CSV status to standard disk status. Any hosted virtual machines will instantly crash.
Show Critical Events: A minimal event viewer dialog is shown with any available critical events about the selected resource.
Take Offline: use this to take any disk resource offline. Any active virtual machines using this storage will instantly crash.
Properties Dialog for Cluster Shared Volumes
Of the three cluster disk types, the properties dialog for a CSV is the simplest:
The only modifiable control is the Name. This name is only used by Failover Cluster Manager and Failover Clustering. It does not change the way that virtual machines refer to their storage. You can change this at any time. The list box shows four sets of information. Volume is the logical path that the CSV is referred to on each node. This can be renamed using traditional file system commands and tools, but doing so after virtual machines are created on it will cause their links to break. Redirected Access indicates if the volume is in Redirected Access mode. Capacity shows the total space on the disk and Free Space displays how much of that space is unused.
Properties Dialog for Standard Cluster Disks and Quorum Disks
The properties dialog is identical for the other two types. It contains a series of tabs. The first is the General tab and it looks very similar to the properties dialog for the CSV:
You can use this page to rename the cluster disk. As with a CSV, nothing is harmed by performing this operation. This dialog shows the cluster’s disk number, which can be referenced with the text-based tools and Disk Management. The center pane shows similar information to that of a CSV, although instead of a symbolic link path, the Volume is the drive letter, if one is assigned, or a raw volume identifier. Since cluster disks do not support Redirected Access mode, that column is not present.
The Dependencies tab will not show anything for the typical cluster disk in a Hyper-V environment since they are not commonly attached to roles. The Policies, and Advanced Polices tabs are identical in content and function to those for other cluster resources and were examined in the two preceding articles in this series.
The unique item on this dialog is the Shadow Copies tab. This setting is node independent and should be used instead of the traditional setting in Windows Explorer.
Details Pane
When a single cluster disk is selected in the center pane, that center pane will be divided into upper and lower sections. The lower section will show a quick summary of the item:
You can quickly see the space utilization for the volume and its drive letter or raw volume identifier (standard cluster disks and quorum disks) or its symbolic link (CSVs). In this pane, the item has a single-item context menu. A quorum or standard cluster disk will have the option to Change Drive Letter, which displays a very simple dialog allowing you to clear the drive letter or assign a new one from the available letters. A Cluster Shared Volume will give you the option to Turn On Redirected Access Mode if it is off or turn it on otherwise.
How to Manage Hyper-V-Related Cluster Networks in Failover Cluster Manager
The next cluster tree item after Disks is Networks. This section gives access to the networking resources as managed by the cluster. Clicking this tree node will display all of the networks that the cluster is aware of in the center pane. By default, the cluster names them as Cluster Network 1, Cluster Network 2, etc.
The way that Failover Clustering identifies a network is by subnet. Every unique subnet discovered on each host will be displayed here. If a host has two or more adapters in the same subnet, only one of them will be displayed. If any host does not have an adapter in a subnet that can be found on other nodes, that network will be considered Partitioned. Configuring the subnets is a topic that’s tackled in the Networking article. As this is just a tour of the tool, it’s assumed that all of your subnets are already configured as desired.
The tree node itself has only a single unique item: Live Migration Settings. The others are the standard View, Refresh, and Help items. Clicking the Live Migration Settings item will display a dialog box similar to the following:
This dialog allows you to prioritize how Live Migration will utilize available networks. It should be used judiciously to prevent Live Migrations from drowning out other types of communication. Live Migration traffic will only be allowed on networks that are checked (those networks must also be marked to allow cluster traffic, which will be demonstrated shortly). Items at the top of the dialog will be given preference when networks are selected. If the sending and receiving nodes are both set to use SMB for Live Migration and SMB multichannel is active, all selected networks will carry Live Migration traffic.
Networks List Entries and Context Menus
The center pane of the Networks section of Failover Cluster Manager looks like the following:
The upper portion shows the name, status, and allowed traffic for each network. The context menu for these items contains only three entries: Information Details, Show Critical Events, and Properties. As is common to previously discussed objects in Failover Cluster Manager, the Information Details link shows a pop-up dialog with details about any error message caused in this session and Show Critical Events displays any error events involving the selected item. Properties opens the properties dialog for the item:
The first changeable control is the name. A network can be safely renamed at any time. The most common use of this feature is to give a meaningful description to the network.
The second control group indicates how the network is to be used.
Allow cluster network communication on this network grants the ability for cluster communications, such as heartbeat, Redirected Access, and Live Migrations to utilize the selected network.
Allow clients to connect through this network is not as meaningful in a Hyper-V cluster as for other cluster types. The network that the cluster name object (CNO) appears on should be marked for client access. Clustered Hyper-V does not expose its virtual machine roles through this network the way that other clustered roles do, so this check box serves no other purpose.
Do not allow cluster network communication on this network prohibits the cluster from using the network at all. This will prevent Live Migration traffic even if the network’s box is checked for Live Migration as shown in the preceding sub-section.
The remainder of this dialog shows the status of the network and the subnets that have been detected on it.
Details Pane
The initial dialog for this section showed the Summary pane for the details section. It displays the name of the network and its detected subnets. There is also a Network Connections tab which shows the adapters in the subnet:
If a network is partitioned, this can help you determine which node(s) have lost connectivity or have failed adapters. It can also help you to verify that adapters have been assigned to the correct subnet. The displayed name (Onboard in the above image) is the same name that the host’s management operating system shows for the adapter. These items have a context menu with the options Information Details and Show Critical Events.
Cluster Events
The final cluster tree node is Cluster Events. This contains a display that is very similar to that of the standard Windows Event Viewer. It has been automatically filtered to contain a specific subset of the cluster-related events. Not all possible events are shown. The default view appears below:
The Cluster Events node does have a context menu, displayed on the right in the above screenshot. It will not be discussed in detail here, as it is quite similar to that found in the traditional Event Viewer. One item to point out to those that are not familiar with that interface is Query. Clicking this will show the following dialog, which you can use to tailor what appears here:
Other items in the context menu can be used to further manipulate the query, if you so desire.
A second notable item in this list is Reset Recent Events. This clears the view, but it does not remove the events themselves. It also has the effect of resetting the icon that Failover Cluster uses for the cluster back to its default as shown below:
Wrapping up in the GUI
This concludes the tour of Failover Cluster Manager and the unit on the built-in graphical tools to manage Hyper-V and Failover Clustering. These sections have taken a very thorough look at these tools and their capabilities and will serve as a reference as you work through the rest of the material and in into the future.
This web-based tool can help identify server applications that may be affected by the Log4Shell (CVE-2021-44228, CVE-2021-45046) vulnerability.
It allows you to generate a request that you can run in your environment and test if the server is vulnerable.
There are three options for using this tool:
Use the generated JNDI snapshot and add that entry to any of the form fields on the site or add this to the HTTP Header for User-Agent.
Your unique JNDI snapshot is ${jndi:ldap://log4j-tester.trendmicro.com:1389/b64c656f-ffcb-4fda-a06b-a4b8753e03cb}
For Internal Server: Generate a quick curl command to test your servers.
For Public Facing Server: Just provide the address of the server and we will try to create a simulated query. Make sure you are hitting some API endpoint/form which eventually does an action in the backend. If the unique ID provided here shows up in the results section below, the server may be vulnerable and should be investigated further. If it does not show up, it does not guarantee that the server is not vulnerable.
Use the following tool to test your application endpoints. GET POST with User-Agent HTTP Headerwith X-Api-Version Headerwith URL Parameterswith Form Datawith custom HTTP HeaderObfuscate data
System environment variables
System properties
Lower/Upper
Lower special
Send request
You can use the generated cURL command below for testing:URL
curl...
Windows Mac/Linux
Results
If you submit and see results here, that means the server may be vulnerable and should be investigated further. If there are no results, it does not guarantee that the server is not vulnerable. This table will be refreshed every 10 seconds.
Next refresh in 4 seconds.
Unique ID
Timestamp
Information
CVE-2021-44228
“Log4Shell” and “Logjam.” Apache Log4j2 <=2.14.1 is vulnerable to remote code execution by downloading code from LDAP server using JNDI.Read more
CVE-2021-45046
Apache Log4j 2.15.0 is vulnerable to a denial of service (DOS) attack when using ThreadContext values and context lookups.Read more
Protection and Investigation
Analysis and Advisory – From Trend Micro Threat ResearchRead more
Credits
Trend Micro’s vulnerability scanner is based on the following projects:
Most Microsoft-based Hybrid Identity implementations use Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS) Servers, Web Application Proxies and Azure AD Connect installations. In this series, labeled Hardening Hybrid Identity, we’re looking at hardening these implementations, using recommended practices.
Note: This blogpost assumes all Web Application Proxies, AD FS servers and Azure AD Connect installations run Windows Server 2016.
Why harden
Hardening provides additional layers to defense in depth approaches. It changes the default behavior of products and services to make them more resilient to unauthorized changes and compromise.
REASONS WHY
Protocols, cipher suites and hashing algorithms are used to encrypt communications in every Hybrid Identity implementation. Typically, ciphers and algorithms to use are based on a negotiation between both ends of a communications channel. The purpose is to use the most secure protocols, cipher suites and hashing algorithms that both ends support. To use the strongest ciphers and algorithms it’s important to disable the ciphers and algorithms you no longer want to see used.
Microsoft recommends organizations to use strong protocols, cipher suites and hashing algorithms. For Azure Active Directory, they are changing the negotiation settings on their systems regularly, to avoid downgrades in encryption standards.
POSSIBLE NEGATIVE IMPACT (WHAT COULD GO WRONG?)
When the systems of an Hybrid Identity implementation are improperly hardened, there will be no communication between Azure Active Directory and the systems of the implementation, and/or between the systems of the Hybrid Identity implementation.
This may affect authentications directly when using Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS) or Pass-through Authentication as authentication method in the Hybrid Identity implementation. This may cause diminished functionality, when Password Hash Sync (PHS) is used as the authentication method. Also, this may cause certificates to expire, monitoring to halt and/or backups to fail. It may also mean admins will no longer be able to (remotely) manage the systems.
When using the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) to manage the Windows Server installations of the Hybrid Identity implementation, the default security layer in RDP is set to Negotiate which supports both SSL (TLS 1.0) and the RDP Security Layer. Open Remote Desktop Session Host Configuration in Administrative Tools and double-click RDP-Tcp under the Connections group. If it is set to SSL (TLS 1.0) and you are running Windows Server 2008, make sure that you have installed TLS 1.1 and 1.2 support.
To disable weak protocols, cipher suites and hashing algorithms on Web Application Proxies, AD FS Servers and Windows Servers running Azure AD Connect, make sure to meet the following requirements:
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS
Make sure all systems in scope are installed with the latest cumulative Windows Updates. Also make sure you run the latest stable version of Azure AD Connect.
PRIVILEGE REQUIREMENTS
Make sure to sign in with an account that has privileges to create and/or change and link Group Policy objects to the Organizational Unit (OU) in which the systems in scope reside.
WHO TO COMMUNICATE TO
When intending to make changes to systems in the Hybrid Identity implementation, make sure to send a heads-up to these people and/or teams in your organization:
Load balancers and networking guys and gals
The Active Directory team
The people responsible for backups, restores and disaster recovery
The people going through the logs, using a SIEM and/or a TSCM solution
The monitoring team
One of the challenges you can easily avoid through communications is that multiple persons and/or teams make changes to the configuration. When it breaks, you don’t want to roll-back a bunch of changes, just the one that broke it. Make sure you have the proper freeze/unfreeze moments to achieve that.
Determining weak protocols, cipher suites and hashing algorithms
Encryption methods are comprised of:
A protocol, like PCT, SSL and TLS
A key exchange method, like ECDHE, DHE and RSA
A cipher suite, like AES, MD5, RC4 and 3DES
PROTOCOLS
For the purpose of this blogpost, I’ll stick to disabling the following protocols:
PCT v1.0
SSL v2
SSL v3
TLS v1.0
TLS v1.1
Note: PCT v1.0 is disabled by default on Windows Server Operating Systems. SSL v2 is disabled, by default, in Windows Server 2016, and later versions of Windows Server.
CIPHER SUITES AND HASHING ALGORITHMS
For the purpose of this blogpost, I’ll stick to disabling the following ciphers suites and hashing algorithms:
RC2
RC4
MD5
3DES
DES
NULL
All cipher suites marked as EXPORT
Note: NULL cipher suites provide no encryption.
Note: The above list is a snapshot of weak ciphers and algorithms dating July 2019. Please consult the SSL Labs Documentation for actual guidance on weak ciphers and algorithms to disable for your organization.
Protocols, cipher suites and hashing algorithms and the negotiation order to use
For the purpose of this blogpost, I’ll stick with the following protocols, cipher suites and hashing algorithms, in the following negotiation order:
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_GCM_SHA384
TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA384
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256
TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA384
TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA
TLS_ECDHE_ECDSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA
TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA
TLS_ECDHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA
This list provides a preference to cipher suites that offer Perfect Forwarding Secrecy (PFS) with the elliptic curve Diffie-Hellman key exchange (ECDHE_*).
How to disable weak protocols
As the systems in scope may or may not be of Active Directory Domain Services, may or may not run Server Core and may or may not allow downloading 3rd party tools, but in all cases you can disable weak protocols using Windows PowerShell with the following scripts:
Note: As SSL v2 is disabled and removed from Windows Server 2016, and up, and SSL v3 is disabled by default in Windows Server 2016, and up, these protocols do not need to be disabled on Windows Server 2016, and newer versions of Windows Server.
ENABLE TLS 1.2
To enable TLS 1.2, run the following Windows PowerShell script in an elevated PowerShell window on each of the Windows Server installations in scope of the Hybrid Identity implementation:
Note: The DisabledByDefault registry value doesn’t mean that the protocol is disabled by default. It means the protocol isn’t advertised as available by default during negotiations, but is available if specifically requested.
CONFIGURING .NET APPLICATIONS TO USE TLS 1.1 AND TLS 1.2
Now, we need to configure .Net applications to use either TLS 1.1 or TLS 1.2. This is important for built-in Windows functionality and 3rd party applications and services. Run the following Windows PowerShell script in the same elevated PowerShell window as the previous one:
To disable TLS 1.0 and TLS 1.1, run the following Windows PowerShell script in the same elevated PowerShell window as the previous Windows PowerShell script on each of the Windows Server installations in scope of the Hybrid Identity implementation:
Restart the server after these configuration changes.
How to disable weak ciphers and algorithms
The systems in scope may or may not be of Active Directory Domain Services, may or may not run Server Core and may or may not allow downloading 3rd party tools. In all cases you can disable weak cipher suites and hashing algorithms by disabling individual TLS cipher suites using Windows PowerShell.
Note: The below lines of PowerShell do not change the negotiation order of the cipher suites and hashing algorithms. It merely disables individual combinations of unwanted cipher suites and hashing algorithms. This also eliminates the need to keep up with the cipher suites in Windows Server between Windows Server version releases and even between updates. A win-win situation if you’d ask me!
Tip! To get an overview of the current negotiation order, use the following line of PowerShell:
Get-TlsCipherSuite | Format-Table Name
Use the following lines on Windows Server 2016 installations to remove weak cipher suites and hashing algorithms:
After hardening it’s time to test the hardening. Everyone should sign off (not literally, unless that’s procedure) on the correct working of the Windows Servers running Azure AD Connect. Does authentication to cloud applications still work? Does rolling over the certificate still work? Does monitoring still work? Can we still make back-ups? Can we still restore the backups we make?
Typically, hardening is rolled out to one Windows Server. When testing the hardening of the functionality behind the load balancer, make sure that the load balancer points you to the hardened system, not another one. In an environment with a Staging Mode Azure AD Connect installation, the hardening can be performed on this Windows Server installation and tested with the normal Staging Mode (imports only) synchronization cycles. When hardening is approved upon, the actively synchronizing Azure AD Connect installation can be switched, or hardened, too.
Get rid of old protocols, cipher suites and hashing algorithms in your Hybrid Identity implementation, so they cannot be used to negotiate the security of the connections down.
On December 9, 2021, a new critical 0-day vulnerability impacting multiple versions of the popular Apache Log4j 2 logging library was publicly disclosed that, if exploited, could result in Remote Code Execution (RCE) by logging a certain string on affected installations.
On December 14, 2021, information about a related vulnerability CVE-2021-45046 was released that recommended that users upgrade to at least version 2.16.0+ of Log4j 2.
Based on our analysis, the rules and protections listed below for CVE-2021-44228 are also effective against CVE-2021-45046.
On December 28th, yet another RCE (CVE-2021-44832) was discovered and disclosed. Although not as critical as the initial vulnerabilities (CVSS 6.6), it is still recommended that administrators do their due diligence to update to the latest version available (2.17.1).
Background
Log4j is an open-open source, Java-based logging utility that is widely deployed and used across a variety of enterprise applications, including many cloud services that utilize Apache web servers.
The vulnerability (assigned as CVE-2021-44228) is a Java Naming and Directory InterfaceTM (JNDI) injection vulnerability in the affected versions of Log4j listed above. It can be triggered when a system using an affected version of Log4j 2 includes untrusted data in the logged message – which if this data includes a crafted malicious payload, a JNDI lookup is made to a malicious server. Depending on the information sent back (response) a malicious Java object may be loaded, which could eventually lead to RCE. In addition, attackers who can control log messages or their parameters can execute arbitrary code loaded from LDAP servers when message lookup substitution is enabled.
The challenge with this vulnerability is widespread use of this particular logging utility in many enterprise and cloud applications. JDNI lookups support multiple protocols, but based on analysis so far, exploitability depends on the Java versions and configurations. From a practical standpoint, just because a server has implemented an affected version of Log4j 2, it does not automatically mean it is vulnerable depending on its configuration.
Trend Micro Research is continuing to analyze this vulnerability and its exploits and will update this article as more information becomes available. A comprehensive blog with more background information can be found here .DETAILS
Protection Against Exploitation
First and foremost, it is always highly recommended that users apply the vendor’s patches when they become available.
A new version of Log4j 2 has been released which reportedly resolves the issue: Version 2.17.1 is now availableand is the suggested update. Users with affected installations should consider updating this library at the earliest possible time.
Note: due to additional waves of new exploits, the previous manual mitigation steps published have proven not to be sufficient and have been removed.
Trend Micro Protection and Investigation
In addition to the vendor patch(s) that should be applied, Trend Micro has released some supplementary rules, filters and detection protection that may help provide additional protection and detection of malicious components associated with this attack servers that have not already been compromised or against further attempted attacks.
Trend Micro Log4j Vulnerability ScannerTrend Micro Research has created a quick web-based scanning tool that can help users and administrators identify server applications that may be affected but the Log4Shell vulnerability.The tool can be found at: https://log4j-tester.trendmicro.com/ and a demo video can be found at: https://youtu.be/7uix6nDoLBs.
Trend Micro Log4Shell Vulnerability Assessment ToolTrend Micro also has created a free assessment tool that can quickly identify endpoints and server applications that may have Log4j using the power of Trend Micro Vision One.This quick and easy self-serve security assessment tool leverages complimentary access to the Trend Micro Vision One threat defense platform, so you can identify endpoints and server applications that may be affected by Log4Shell. The assessment instantly provides a detailed view of your attack surface and shares next steps to mitigate risks.
Please note, if you are already a Trend Micro Vision One customer, you do not need to complete the form. Simply log into your console and you will be provided instructions to complete the assessment of your exposure.
Trend Micro Vision One™
Trend Micro Vision One customers benefit from XDR detection capabilities of the underlying products such as Apex One. In addition, depending on their data collection time range, Trend Micro Vision One customers may be able to sweep for IOCs retrospectively to identify if there was potential activity in this range to help in investigation.
Vision One Threat Intelligence Sweeping
Indicators for exploits associated with this vulnerability are now included in the Threat Intelligence Sweeping function of Trend Micro Vision One. Customers who have this enabled will now have the presence of the IOCs related to these threats added to their daily telemetry scans.
The first sweep, “Vulnerable version of log4j….” is slightly different than the others in that instead of specific IOCs, it is looking for specific instances of log4j libraries on systems which can help a customer narrow down or give additional insights on potentially vulnerable systems.
The results of the intelligence scans will populate in the WorkBench section of Vision One (as well as the sweep history of each unfolded threat intelligence report).
Please note that customers may also manually initiate a scan at any time by clicking the 3 dots at the right of a rule and selecting the “Start Sweeping” option.
Vision One Search Queries for Deep Security Deep Packet Inspection
Customers who have Trend Micro Cloud One – Workload Security or Deep Security may utilize the following search query to identify hosts and then additional queries can be made with a narrowed timeframe on those hosts as additional information is learned about exploits.
eventName:DEEP_PACKET_INSPECTION_EVENT AND (ruleId:1008610 OR ruleId:1011242 OR ruleId:1005177) AND ("${" AND ("lower:" OR "upper:" OR "sys:" OR "env:" OR "java:" OR "jndi:"))
Trend Micro Cloud One™ – Conformity
Trend Micro Cloud One – Conformity allows gives customers central visibility and real-time monitoring of their cloud infrastructure by enabling administrators to auto-check against nearly 1000 cloud service configuration best practices across 90+ services and avoid cloud service misconfigurations.
The following rules are available to all Trend Micro Cloud One – Conformity customers that may help provide more insight to customers looking to isolate affected machines (more information can be found here for rule configuration):
Lambda-001 : identifies all Lambdas that are running Java which may be vulnerable.
Unrestricted Security Group Egress (EC2-033) : identifies security groups that may be associated with, for example, an EC2 that may be compromised and then has the ability to communicated externally.
Preventative Rules, Filters & Detection
A demo video of how Trend Micro Cloud One can help with this vulnerability can be found at: https://youtu.be/CorEsXv3Trc.
Trend Micro Cloud One – Workload Security and Deep Security IPS Rules
Rule 1008610 – Block Object-Graph Navigation Language (OGNL) Expressions Initiation In Apache Struts HTTP Request
Rule 1008610 is a SMART rule that can be manually assigned to assist in protection/detection against suspicious activity that may be associated with this threat. This is not a comprehensive replacement for the vendor’s patch.
Please also note that rule 1008610 is shipped in DETECT, and must be manually changed to PREVENT if the administrator wishes to apply this. Also, please be aware that due to the nature of this rule, there may be False Positives in certain environments, so environment-specific testing is recommended.
Rule 1011249 – Apache Log4j Denial of Service Vulnerability (protects against CVE-2021-45105)
Trend Micro Cloud One – Workload Security and Deep Security Log Inspection
Rule 4643: POSSIBLE HTTP BODY OGNL EXPRESSION EXPLOIT – HTTP (REQUEST) – Variant 2
Trend Micro Cloud One – Network Security and TippingPoint Recommended Actions
Filter 40627 : HTTP: JNDI Injection in HTTP Header or URI
This was released in Digital Vaccine #9621 and has replaced CSW C1000001 that was previously released.
Trend Micro recommends customers enable this filter in a block and notify posture for optimal coverage. Starting with Digital Vaccines released on 12/21/2021, it will be enabled by default. Since it may not be enabled in your environment, Trend Micro strongly recommends you confirm the filter is enabled in your policy.
What other controls can be used to disrupt the attack?
This attack is successful when the exploit is used to initiate a transfer of a malicious attack payload. In addition to the filter above, these techniques can help disrupt that chain:
Geolocation filtering can be used to reduce possible attack vectors. Geolocation filtering can block inbound and outbound connections to any specified country, which may limit the ability for attackers to exploit the environment. In cases where a business only operates in certain regions of the globe, proactively blocking other countries may be advisable.
For TippingPoint IPS, TPS, and vTPS products Trend Micro also recommends enabling DNS and URL reputation as a proactive means of securing an environment from this vulnerability. Leveraging Trend Micro’s rapidly evolving threat intelligence, TippingPoint appliances can help disrupt the chain of attack destined to known malicious hosts.
Additionally, Reputation filtering can be leveraged to block Anonymous proxies that are commonly used in exploit attempts. Any inbound or outbound connections to/from an anonymous proxy or anonymizer service can be blocked by configuring a reputation filter with “Reputation DV Exploit Type” set to “Tor Exit” to a Block action.
For Cloud One – Network Security Anonymous proxies are also an independent, configurable “region” that can be selected as part of Geolocation filtering. This will block any inbound or outbound connection to/from an anonymous proxy or anonymizer service, which can be commonly used as part of exploit attempts.
Domain filtering can also be used to limit the attack vectors and disrupt the attack chain used to exploit this vulnerability. In this case, any outbound connection over TCP is dropped unless the domain being accessed is on a permit list. If the attacker’s domain, e.g. http://attacker.com, is not on the permit list, then it would be blocked by default, regardless of IPS filter policy.
Trend Micro Malware Detection Patterns (VSAPI, Predictive Learning, Behavioral Monitoring and WRS) for Endpoint, Servers, Mail & Gateway (e.g. Apex One, Worry-Free Business Security Services, Worry-Free Business Security Standard/Advanced, Deep Security w/Anti-malware, etc.)
Web Reputation (WRS): Trend Micro has added over 1700 URLs (and growing) to its WRS database to block that are linked to malicious reporting and communication vectors associated with observed exploits against this vulnerability.
Ransomware Detection – there have been observations about a major ransomware campaign (Khonsari) being utilized in attacks and Trend Micro detects components related to this as Ransom.MSIL.KHONSARI.YXBLN.
VSAPI (Pattern) Detections: the following detections have been released in the latest OPR for malicious code associated with exploits –
Trojan.Linux.MIRAI.SEMR
HS_MIRAI.SMF
HS_MIRAI.SME
Trojan.SH.CVE20207961.SM
Backdoor.Linux.MIRAI.SEMR
Trojan.SH.MIRAI.MKF
Coinminer.Linux.KINSING.D
Trojan.FRS.VSNTLB21
Trojan.SH.MALXMR.UWELI
Backdoor.SH.KIRABASH.YXBLL
Backdoor.Linux.MIRAI.SMMR1
Coinminer.SH.MALXMR.UWEKG
Coinminer.Linux.MALXMR.SMDSL64
Backdoor.Linux.GAFGYT.SMMR3
Coinminer.Win64.MALXMR.TIAOODGY
Rootkit.Linux.PROCHID.B
ELF_SETAG.SM
Backdoor.Linux.TSUNAMI.AMZ
Coinminer.PS1.MALXMR.PFAIQ
Trojan.SH.TSUNAMI.A
Trojan.PS1.METERPRETER.E
Coinminer.Linux.MALXRMR.PUWENN
Trend Micro Cloud One – Application Security
Trend Micro Cloud One – Application Security can monitor a running application and stop unexpected shell commands from executing. The product’s RCE configuration can be adjusted to help protect against certain exploits associated with this vulnerability using the following steps:
Log into Trend Micro Cloud One and navigate to Application Security.
Select “Group;s Policy” in the left-hand menu and find your application’s Group.
Enable “Remote Command Execution” if not already enabled.
Click the hamburger icon for “Configure Policy” and then click the ” < INSERT RULE > ” icon.
Input (?s).*in the “Enter a pattern to match” field and hit “Submit” and “Save Changes.”
Double-check that “Mitigate” is selected in your “Remote Command Execution” line item.
Trend Micro Cloud One – Open Source Security by Snyk
Trend Micro Cloud One – Open Source Security by Snyk can identify vulnerable versions of the log4j library across all organization source code repositories with very little integration effort. Once installed, it can also monitor progress on updating to non-vulnerable versions.
Trend Micro is continuing to actively research the potential exploits and behavior around this vulnerability and is actively looking for malicious code that may be associated with any exploit attempts against the vulnerability and will be adding additional detection and/or protection as they become available.
–
Impact on Trend Micro Products
Trend Micro is currently doing a product/service-wide assessment to see if any products or services may be affected by this vulnerability. Products will be added to the lists below as they are validated.
Products Confirmed Not Affected (Including SaaS Solutions that have been patched):
5G Mobile Network Security
Not Affected
ActiveUpdate
Not Affected
Apex Central (including as a Service)
Not Affected
Apex One (all versions including SaaS, Mac, and Edge Relay))
A keylogger, which is also known as a keystroke logger or a keyboard capturer, is a piece of software or hardware developed to monitor and record everything you type on a keyboard. In this article, we dive into everything you need to know about them and teach you how to protect yourself from them!
Is a keystroke logger a virus?
It depends. Keyloggers were designed for legitimate purposes. They were originally used for computer troubleshooting, employee activity monitoring, and as a way to discover how users interact with programs so their user experience could be enhanced. However, they’ve since been used by hackers and criminals as a tool for stealing sensitive data such as usernames, passwords, bank account information, and other confidential information.
Generally, a keylogger is insidiously installed alongside an otherwise legitimate program. As a result, users are almost always unaware that their keystrokes a being monitored. Oftentimes, when a user’s computer is infected with a keylogger trojan, the malicious software will keep track of their keystrokes and save the information to their computer’s local drive. Later the hacker will retrieve the stored data. For this reason, keyloggers pose a serious threat to computer security and data privacy.
Keyloggers are separated into the following categories, based on how they work:
API-based
These keyloggers Application programming interfaces (APIs) allow software to communicate with hardware. API-based keyloggers intercept every keyboard input sent to the program you’re typing into.. This type of keylogger registers keystroke events as if it was a normal aspect of the application instead of malware. Each time a user presses or releases a key it is recorded.
Form grabbing-based
Form grabbing-based keyloggers log web form submissions by recording the inputted data when they are submitted. When a user submits a completed form, usually by clicking a button or pressing enter, their data is recorded even before it is passed over the Internet.
Kernel-based
These keyloggers work their way into a system’s core, allowing them access to admin-level permissions. These loggers have unrestricted access to everything entered into a computer system.
Javascript-based
A malicious script tag is injected into a targeted web page and it listens for keyboard events. Scripts can be injected using a variety of methods, including cross-site scripting, man-in-the-browser, and man-in-the-middle attacks, or when a website’s security is compromised.
How do keyloggers get on computers?
Most of the time, they infect computers with outdated antivirus software and ones without any antivirus software at all.
There are several scenarios that you need to be aware of:
Keyloggers can be installed through web page scripts. Hackers utilize web browser vulnerabilities and embed malicious code on a webpage that silently executes the installation or data hijacking.
Phishing. Keyloggers can be installed after users click on a nefarious link or open a malicious attachment in a phishing email.
Social engineering. Some criminals use psychological manipulation to fool unsuspecting people into installing a keylogger by invoking urgency, fear, or anxiety in them.
Unidentified software downloaded from the internet. Sometimes cracked software or applications from unidentified developers will secretly install a keylogger on a computer system.
How to detect a keylogger on my computer?
At this point, you might be interested in learning how you can detect a keylogger on your computer. The truth is, keyloggers are not easy to detect without the help of security software. Running a virus scan is necessary to detect them.
Trend Micro Housecall is an online security scanner that detects and removes viruses, worms, spyware, and other malicious threats such as keyloggers for free.
How to prevent keystroke logging malware?
Keyloggers are dangerous. Preventing them from ever being installed on your computer is a top priority. It is necessary to be proactive in protecting your computer to ensure that your data doesn’t get stolen.
Here are several tips to follow:
Carefully inspect user agreements for software before agreeing to them. There should always be a section covering how your data is used.
Install a trusted antivirus app such as TrendMicro Maximum Security. Always keep your antivirus on and regularly run scheduled scans of your device.
Make sure your security software is up to date.
Make sure your operating system is up to date and all the security patches are installed.
Avoid visiting suspicious websites and don’t click on any unusual links or e-mail attachments from unknown senders.
Only download and install software from trusted developers and sources.
They’re not interested in peace on earth, a hippopotamus or their two front teeth. You won’t find them decking the halls, dashing through the snow or even up on the housetop. But that doesn’t mean cybercriminals aren’t out in force this time of year — and they’re relying on you being too wrapped up in your holiday preparations to see them coming.
They’re successful far too often: The last quarter of 2020 saw by far the most ransomware, with attacks in November reaching an all-time high in an already record-breaking year. If 2021 follows suit, this could be the worst holiday season for ransomware SonicWall has ever recorded — but fortunately, there are many things you can do to minimize your risk:
It’s the Most Wander-ful Time of the Year: Travel Tips
Roughly 63% of American adults plan to travel for the holidays this year — a nearly 40% jump over last year, and within 5% of 2019 levels. While it’s easy to become preoccupied by traffic jams, flight delays and severe weather, don’t forget that attackers love to leverage this sort of chaos. Follow these five travel best practices to keep cybercriminals grounded this holiday season.
1. Free Wi-Fi =/= Risk-Free Wi-Fi
When you stop for a coffee during your layover, or stumble into a greasy spoon on hour nine of your road trip back home, you might be tempted to log on to the free Wi-Fi. But unless your organization has implemented zero-trust security, beware. Try bringing a novel and coloring books to keep everyone occupied on the road, and if you must connect, use a VPN to access employer networks and avoid logging in to your bank, email or other sensitive accounts. Because some devices may try to connect to these networks automatically, you may need to disable auto-connect to fully protect against man-in-the-middle and other attacks.
2. Put Your Devices on Lockdown
Due to border restrictions finally beginning to ease in countries such as Canada, Australia, India and South Korea, and the United States, international travel is expected to be robust. In the U.S., roughly 2 million travelers are expected to pass through airports each day over the Christmas holiday. In crowds like this, it’s easy for a device to be misplaced, left behind or stolen. To limit potential damage from smartphones, laptops, tablets, etc. falling into the wrong hands, ensure they’re protected with facial recognition, fingerprint ID or a PIN. (This doesn’t just protect against data theft, it can also help combat regular theft: One study found that locked devices were three times more likely to be returned to their owners.)
3. Don’t Let Criminals Track You
Nearly 43% of Americans and 42% of Brits feel more comfortable traveling this year — but this doesn’t mean they should be comfortable with everyone knowing they’re traveling. Any location data you share on social media can be tempting to those wanting to break into homes or hotel rooms — whether to steal and exfiltrate data, or steal gaming consoles, jewelry, medications or even gifts under the tree.
4. Use Only Your Own Cords/Power Adapters
In our mobile-dependent society, it’s no surprise that cybercriminals have learned how to install malware in airport kiosks, USB charging stations and more. And while that “forgotten” iPhone charge cable might look tempting when your device is running on empty, even those can harbor malware. If you can’t find a secure charging area, ensure your device is powered off before plugging it in.
‘Tis the Season for Giving: Online Safety Tips
Even if you’re not traveling this year, chances are you’re buying gifts. While supply-chain challenges, pandemic considerations and more have made for a unique holiday shopping season, it’s important to put safety first when shopping online. Here are six things to look out for:
1. Holiday Phishing Emails
Perhaps you’ve received an invite to the Jones’ holiday party, a gift card or coupon, or an email from HR with details of an unexpected holiday bonus. If there’s an attachment, exercise extreme caution: It may harbor malware.
2. Spoofed Websites
Unfortunately for your wallet, emails boasting huge discounts at popular retailers are likely bogus. Walmart isn’t offering 70% off, and nobody is selling PlayStations for $100, not even during the holidays. If you enter your info into one of these lookalike retail (or charity) sites, the only thing you’re likely to get is your credentials stolen.
3. Fake Shipping Invoices
You’ve finished your shopping, and your gifts are on their way! But now FedEx is emailing to say your packages may not arrive in time and referring you to updated tracking information. Or your retailer is sending you a shipping label for returns, or verifying your gifts are being sent … to a completely different address. Look closely before you click: These emails usually aren’t from who they say they are.
4. Counterfeit Apps
Is that really the Target app or just a lookalike? Better double-check before you download and enter your payment information. Apple’s App Store and Google Play have safeguards in place to stop counterfeit apps, but some still occasionally get through.
5. Gift Card Scams
These originally took the form of “You’ve won a free gift card! Click here to claim!” In recent years, however, they’ve become more targeted, and may appear to offer gift cards as a bonus from your employer or a holiday gift from a friend. The easiest way to avoid being scammed? If you weren’t expecting a gift card from someone, ask them about it.
6. Santa’s Little Helpers
There are many services designed to send your child a letter from Santa for a small fee. But many times, these so-called “Santas” are really cybercriminals attempting to get you to click on a link and enter your payment information. A recent variation has scammers offering kits designed to take the stress and mess out of your elf’s holiday shenanigans (just move your elf and call it good!)
While the holiday season offers more than its share of scams, many can be put on ice with a little extra due diligence. Keep these holiday best practices in mind, and have a safe and happy holiday!
Following a year that the world will remember for a long time to come (and mostly not for good reasons), we wrap up 2021 with a plethora of events happening in the tech industry. In the meantime, we certainly hope that you are doing well and staying safe during this upcoming festive period. In this article, we’ll recap the most important VMware news stories of the year and have a look ahead at what 2022 has in store. Let’s get going!
Company Growth
A lot has been going on this year in the VMware space, not only in a technical aspect but also with major changes within the company’s structure and management.
Financially, the company keeps doing very well with projected revenue of over $12.8 billion, an increase of around 9% compared to last year with expected significant growth in the SaaS area.
One of the axes VMware is also working on to generate revenue is the partner incentives program based on the customer life cycle. The new incentives reward partners that deliver PoCs, customers’ assessments and “sell-through” partners working together.
Acquisitions
VMware acquired a dizzying number of companies over the course of the previous year (2020). However, mergers are time-consuming and are never straightforward when it comes to restructuring teams, merging products into existing portfolios… VMware has put a lot of resources into integrating previous years’ acquisitions into their existing portfolios such as Carbon Black, Salt or Datrium.
This might be the reason why they only acquired one company in 2021 with Mesh7. Let’s have a closer look at what it is.
Mesh7
VMware acquired Mesh7 at the end of the first quarter of 2021. Their technology helps customers improve application resiliency, reliability and reduce blind spots through the integration of deep Layer 7 insights with cloud, host, and reputation data. They offer a distributed API Security Mesh solution (API Firewall and API Gateway) which is focused on securing the application layer at its core in Kubernetes environments.
VMware acquired Mesh7 at the end of March 2021 to further secure Tanzu Service Mesh
VMware uses Envoy as an open-source Layer 7 proxy in Tanzu Service Mesh and Mesh7’s API gateway is being integrated into the solution to further secure the Kubernetes connectivity solution.
VMworld 2021
As usual, let’s quickly recap what happened during VMworld 2021 which was, once again, a virtual event. We will only skim over the surface of what was announced as a lot of other areas were covered such as Security, Networking, End-User services… For more information about the announcements made during this event, head over to our dedicated VMworld 2021 Round-up Article.
Strong focus on multi-cloud
VMware followed the trend set in the previous year with a strong push towards multi-cloud and managed cloud services. VMware Cross-Cloud services will offer a bunch of multi-cloud services you can pick and choose from in a flexible manner to facilitate and accelerate customers’ adoption.
“VMware Cross-Cloud services aims at simplifying the shift to a multi-cloud SDDC”
VMware Sovereign Cloud tackles the issues around how sensitive data is dealt with through partnerships with Cloud providers. The goal is to offer those public entities and large organizations a data sovereignty seal of approval in a multi-cloud world.
VMware Tanzu, the company’s implementation of Kubernetes is being built upon ever since the portfolio was announced at VMworld 2019. The big reveal of this year’s event was Tanzu Community Edition, a free and open-source release of the solution aimed at learners and users.
Other Tanzu related announcements included VMware Cloud with Tanzu Services, managed Tanzu Kubernetes Grid (TKG), Tanzu Mission Control Essentials and a free tier with Tanzu mission control Starter.
“VMware Tanzu Community Edition is full-featured but free and open-source”
Lots of projects in development
VMware always has a bunch of projects with codenames in the works that later become actual products when they reached maturity. Remember how Tanzu used to be known as Project Pacific. In 2021, the company revealed no less than 9 major projects in various areas such as Edge computing, AI/ML, Security, multi-cloud, tiered memory for vSphere, Kubernetes…
Again, you can find the details about these projects in our VMworld 2021 roundup.
Edge Computing
The other area that was largely covered was Edge computing with the announcement of VMware Edge Compute Stack, a purpose-built and integrated stack offering HCI and SDN for small-scale VM and container workloads to effectively extend your SDDC to the Edge.
“VMware Edge compute Stack helps solve use cases for a wide variety of challenges”
While a lot of good things went their way, 2021 was an eventful year for VMware. Several big announcements were made that will change the face of the company and a few vSphere related crises the company’s TAMs had to navigate.
VMware and DellEMC Split
Probably the biggest announcement of the year was the split from DellEMC which was the majority stakeholder with 81% shares in the company. This separation comes 5 years after Dell acquired EMC in September of 2016 for a whopping $67 billion, EMC being VMware’s controlling stakeholder at the time. On November 1st 2021, VMware becomes a standalone company for the first time since EMC acquired it in 2004, albeit after paying $11.5 billion in dividends to the shareholders.
In a news article, VMware’s new CEO Raghu Raghuram (more on that later) officialized the split and kept emphasizing their multi-cloud strategy with the goal of becoming “the Switzerland of the cloud industry”:
“As a standalone company, we now have the flexibility to partner even more deeply with all cloud and on-premises infrastructure companies to create a better foundation that drives results for our customers. And the increased flexibility we will have to use equity to complete future acquisitions will help us remain competitive. “
VMware has a new CEO
A number of top officers over at VMware left the building and were replaced by new top profiles. Among those, we find the CEO of the company himself. Pat Gelsinger, who led VMware between 2012 and 2021 gave his notice in February to become Intel’s new CEO after spending 30 years as a top profile between 1979 and 2009 for the blue team, a very impressive resume if you ask me.
VMware replaced him with Raghu Raghuram, the previous COO who’d been climbing up the corporate ladder since 2003, clocking over 18 years of employment to reach the top of the pyramid.
Raghu Raghuram succeeds to Pat Gelsinger as VMware’s CEO
vSphere 7 Update 3 removed
On a more technical note, 2021 was a rather turbulent year for vSphere 7.0. The year started with many customers encountering purple screens on vSphere hypervisors installed on SD cards or USB sticks, which eventually led VMware to pull support for these boot devices. This wasn’t received particularly well among the customer base as many were taken by surprise and now have to plan for it, which will be a large piece of work and investment depending on the size of the environment.
Following this shaky start, customers started having problems with vSphere 7 Update 3 causing PSOD in some instances. In order to fix it, VMware released patches that ended up breaking vSphere HA for many customers using a certain type of Intel adapters. VMware eventually decided to stop the haemorrhage by removing vSphere 7 Update 3 from distribution altogether, just over a month after its release.
“vSphere 7 Update 3 was crippled with issues since its initial release”
Needless to say that customers were pretty unhappy with how this unfolded. Many blamed the 6 months release cycle and quality control being put to the side in favor of shiny new Cloud or Tanzu features. Let’s hope the scission from DellEMC will entice VMware to regain a certain level of quality control and that organizations won’t put the deployment of security patches on hold as a result.
VMware Cloud Universal
As you can tell, VMware is very keen to push Cloud subscriptions to its customers and VMware Cloud Universal, which was released in April 2021, was another testimony of that. A subscription offering that offers access to multi-cloud resources, be it infrastructure, compute, storage, networking, modern apps…
The idea is to be able to flexibly deploy VMware Cloud Infrastructure across private and public clouds. VMware Cloud Universal includes VCF-Subscription (also released in 2021), VMware Cloud on AWS and VMware Cloud on DellEMC.
Now, I’ll admit that it is getting a bit tricky to make sense of the many cloud offerings proposed by VMware with VMC, VMC on AWS, VMware Cloud Universal, VMware Cross-Cloud services and then the subtleties in each one of them.
“VMware Cloud Universal allows customers to establish a flexible commercial agreement with VMware to commit once and consume dynamically”
Ransomware Attacks Targeting vSphere ESXi
In 2021, we, unfortunately, witnessed no curb in the infamous growing trend of vSphere Ransomware attacks. While most encrypting ransomware attacks were historically focused on Windows and Linux instances, vSphere is now being targeted as well. Bad actors will try to gain access to the virtual infrastructure and initiate encryption of the datastores to claim a ransom, hence impacting every single VMs in the environment.
Fortunately, most companies are now investing large amounts of resources to mitigate the risks and protect the customers, for instance, Altaro has been doing it for a long time now.
A Look Ahead to 2022
I wrapped up last year’s roundup with “Watch for 2021 as it is without a doubt that it will be a year packed with major events”. Well, I think it is safe to say that it turned out to be true. VMware’s split from DellEMC will give the company absolute autonomy over its market strategy and path to a multi-cloud world. 2022 will see a maturing of these core cloud technologies alongside VMware doubling down on its acquisition strategy of key technologies that will solidify its commitment to this direction.
While we are eager to find out what it brings in terms of novelties, we are equally looking forward to a return to a more sensible release cycle and the distribution of a stable version of the historic hypervisor (well that’s my main hope at least!) I’d love to hear your thoughts, so feel free to take your bet in the comment section as to what 2022 will bring!
